ClinicalTrials.gg
CompletedNCT03323437Updated May 6, 2024Results posted

Biomarkers of Conversion Risk and Treatment Response in Early-Stage Schizophrenia

A Phase 4 interventional study of Risperidone in Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, sponsored by Weill Medical College of Cornell University. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 35 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2024-05-06.

Sponsored by Weill Medical College of Cornell University · Phase 4, Interventional, and Basic science

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Phase
Phase 4
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
26
Allocation
Non-randomized
Ages
18 Years to 35 Years
Sex
All
01

Where this study stands

Counted across the records on this site · 2026-11-14

Among 32 studies in Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders with a site in United States — 3 open to participants now, 4 under way, none of them phase 3. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · United States.

Enrollment
19th of 26
26 · median 56
Started
2017
with 2 others
Phase 4
2 of 32
none open now
Registered
16th of 32
by date

Among the 32 studies in Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders with a site in United States, this one is the 19th largest by enrollment of the 26 interventional ones that give a count, is one of 3 that started in 2017, is one of 2 in phase 4, and was the 16th registered.

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

84 studies on the registry are indexed under Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders; 14 are open to participants now.

Browse Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders studies →

Open to participants now

3 of the 32 studies in Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders with a site in United States are open now. Recruiting first, the newest first:

All 3 open studies →

A study can be open while its sites in United States have not opened yet or have stopped. Only those recruiting at a site in United States →

Who these studies take

Of the 11 Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders studies recruiting now, 7 (64%) set no upper age limit and 3 (27%) stop at 75 or younger; 1 takes children under 18; 2 take healthy volunteers.

This study: 18 Years to 35 Years · all sexes · healthy volunteers too.

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02

Study summary

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a highly debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder of young adulthood onset and a leading cause of disability worldwide. While treatments delivered at early stages of the disorder may be effective at reducing psychosis or altering the course of the disease, there are currently no biomarkers capable of identifying subjects in early stages of SZ who are likely to respond to treatment and would be good candidates for available proactive, symptomatic or future disease-modifying treatments; or those who would not respond and can be spared unnecessary medication exposure. The lack of these vitally important biomarkers provides a compelling rationale for the present multidisciplinary research project, which aims to develop and validate highly promising noninvasive and objective proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS)-based biomarkers for monitoring treatment response in early stages of SZ. In support of the viability of this overall objective is a large body of data, reported by the applicants and others, that show (a) that levels of glutamate (Glu) and - aminobutyric acid (GABA) - respectively, the major excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter systems - are abnormally elevated in medication-naïve and unmedicated first episode and chronic SZ patients; (b) that the effect of treatment with antipsychotic medications in these populations may be to lower or normalize brain levels of both Glu and GABA. To investigate the potential of these in vivo brain Glu and GABA abnormalities to serve as biomarkers of treatment response in early-stage SZ, the applicants propose to use 1H MRS to measure Glu and GABA levels in the largest cohort of medication-free SZ subjects to date, at baseline and following 4 weeks of antipsychotic treatment.

03

Conditions studied

  • Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years to 35 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion Criteria (Patients):

  1. Male or females between the ages of 18-35
  2. less than five years (\<60 months) of active (DSM) diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizophreniform, or schizoaffective disorder
  3. Capacity to provide
  4. No major medical or neurological illness
  5. Medication free (3 weeks without antipsychotic medications)

Exclusion Criteria (Patients):

  1. Current alcohol or drug abuse (\<1 month) or substance dependence (\<6 months) or substances used within one day of the imaging study.
  2. Pregnant or lactating women or women of , who are either not surgically-sterile or, for outpatients, not using appropriate methods of .
  3. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) \<70
  4. Acute risk for suicide or violence
  5. Presence of pacemaker or any metallic objects in the body that would interfere with the MRS or cause MRI safety problems
  6. Claustrophobia
  7. Any organic brain disorder (including epilepsy, mental retardation, or a medical condition whose pathology or treatment would likely alter the presentation or treatment of SZ
  8. Individuals on anti-epileptic medications (e.g., valproate, carbamazepine) that may affect GABA or Glu
  9. Unstable medical or neurological condition
  10. DSM-V diagnosis of bipolar disorder I
  11. DSM-V diagnosis of major depression with psychotic features
  12. History of non-response to or non-tolerance of Risperidone

Inclusion Criteria (Healthy Controls)

  1. Male or females between the ages of 18-35
  2. less than five years (\<60 months) of active DSM diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizophreniform, or schizoaffective disorder
  3. No major medical or neurological illness

Exclusion Criteria (Healthy Controls)

  1. Current alcohol or drug abuse (\<1 month) or substance dependence (\<6 months) or substances used within one day of the imaging study.
  2. Pregnant or lactating women or women of child-bearing potential, who are either not surgically-sterile or, for outpatients, not using appropriate methods of birth control.
  3. IQ\<70
  4. Acute risk for suicide or violence
  5. Presence of pacemaker or any metallic objects in the body that would interfere with the MRS or cause MRI safety problems
  6. Claustrophobia
  7. History of psychotropic medication use such as antipsychotics or antidepressants
  8. Any first-degree family history of psychotic illness
  9. Personal history of any DSM Axis I disorder
  10. Individuals on anti-epileptic medications (e.g., valproate, carbamazepine) that may affect GABA or Glu
  11. Unstable medical or neurological condition
  12. Any organic brain disorder (including epilepsy, mental retardation, or a medical condition whose pathology or treatment would likely alter the presentation or treatment of SZ
Terms in these criteria, in plain language(4)

Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.

DSM diagnostic criteria

The American Psychiatric Association’s manual of mental health diagnoses. DSM-5 (2013, revised as DSM-5-TR in 2022) replaced DSM-IV, and some studies still name the older edition. “Meets DSM criteria for …” means diagnosed by that edition’s diagnostic criteria, usually by a clinician in an interview.

Informed consent

Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.

You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.

Childbearing potential

Able to become pregnant: from the first period until menopause, unless permanently unable to through surgery (removal of the womb, or of both ovaries or both fallopian tubes).

Criteria for people of childbearing potential usually ask for a negative pregnancy test and for contraception during the study and for a time after it.

Contraception

Ways of preventing pregnancy. “Highly effective” methods fail less than 1% of the time a year when used correctly — for example an IUD or an implant.

Criteria usually say which methods count and how long to keep using them after the last dose, sometimes for male participants too. Some studies accept a partner’s vasectomy if it was confirmed successful and that person is the participant’s only sexual partner.

05

Study design

Phase
Phase 4
Primary purpose
Basic science
Allocation
Non-randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
None (open label)
Enrollment
26 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Patient

    Medication-free individuals during first-episode of psychosis who will receive 4 weeks of treatment with risperidone

    Drug: Risperidone

  • No intervention
    Control

    Healthy, psychosis-free controls who will not receive risperidone

Interventions

  • Participants will meet with a study doctor physician once per week (about 3 times total) to monitor progress and side-effects of risperidone, which includes taking 4 assessments each time. After 4 weeks of taking Risperidone, participant will be assessed and scanned with the MRI/MRS scanner again.

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Change in Biomarkers of Treatment Response: Dorsal Caudate (DCA) Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) Levels

    Dorsal Caudate (DCA) GABA levels will be ascertained at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment using MRI scan with 1H MRS to assess treatment response. This is a measure of GABA levels, over water, in the dorsal caudate. For patients this is a change measure. For control subjects, this is a one time measure. The values can range from 0 to infinity for controls and -infinity to infinity for patients.

    Time frame: Baseline and 4 weeks of treatment for patients, baseline for controls

  2. Change in Biomarkers of Treatment Response: Dorsal Caudate (DCA) Glx (Glutamate+Glutamine)

    Dorsal Caudate (DCA) Glx levels will be ascertained at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment using MRI scan with 1H MRS to assess treatment response. This is a measure of the levels of Glx over water in the dorsal caudate. For patients this is a change measure. For control subjects, this is a one time measure. The values can range from 0 to infinity for controls and -infinity to infinity for patients.

    Time frame: Baseline and 4th week of treatment for patients, baseline only for controls

  3. Change in Biomarkers Reflecting Treatment Response: Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC) Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)

    Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC) GABA levels will be ascertained at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment using MRI scan with 1H MRS to assess treatment response. This is a measure of GABA levels, over water, in the mPFC. For patients this is a change measure. For control subjects, this is a one time measure. The values can range from 0 to infinity for controls and -infinity to infinity for patients.

    Time frame: Baseline and 4th week of treatment for patients, baseline only for controls

  4. Change in Biomarkers Reflecting Treatment Response: Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC) Glx (Glutamate+Glutamine)

    Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC) Glx levels will be ascertained at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment using MRI scan with 1H MRS to assess treatment response. This is a measure of glx levels, over water, in the mPFC. For patients this is a change measure. For control subjects, this is a one time measure. The values can range from 0 to infinity for controls and -infinity to infinity for patients.

    Time frame: Baseline and 4th week of treatment for patients, baseline for controls

Secondary outcomes

  1. Changes in Neurocognitive Performance: MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)

    Memory, attention, reasoning, emotional intelligence, and verbal ability will be assessed using the MCCB before and after 4 weeks of treatment. MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) as measure of Neurocognitive/Functional Measures is a standardized battery designed to measure cognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia. The MCCB is represented as a percentile score. This score can go from 0 to 100 where a higher score indicates a better performance. For patients this is a change measure. For control subjects, this is a one time measure.

    Time frame: Baseline and 4th week of of treatment for patients, baseline only for controls

  2. WAMI (Wealth Asset and Income)

    The WAMI Score at Baseline is a measure of socioeconomic status across countries and culture. The index scale goes from 0 (lower socioeconomic situation) to 1 (highest socioeconomic situation).

    Time frame: Baseline

  3. Changes in Clinical Symptomatology: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

    Changes in Positive and Negative Symptoms will be assessed across the treatment period using the PANSS. Participants are rated on a scale of 1. (Absent) 2. (Minimal) 3. (Mild) 4. (Moderate) 5. (Moderate severe) 6. (Severe) 7. (Extreme) to describe Positive, Negative and General symptomatology. Items from each subscale (Positive, Negative, and General) are summed for their respective scales, with lower numbers indicating less severe or absent symptomatology, and higher scores indicating more severe symptoms. A total sum of all subscales is also computed to reflect overall symptom severity. Positive Subscale: 7 items, minimum score = 7, maximum score = 49 Negative Subscale: 7 items, minimum score = 7, maximum score = 49 General Subscale: '16 items, minimum score = 16, maximum score = 112 Total Score: 30 items, minimum score = 30, maximum score = 210. For patients this is a change measure. For control subjects, this is a one time measure.

    Time frame: Baseline and week 4 for patients; for controls only baseline

  4. Changes in Motor Symptomatology: Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)

    Motor symptomatology associated with tardive dyskinesia (TD) assessed using the AIMS. The measure consists of 10 items with scale/scores for each item of: 0 None 1. Minimal 2. Mild 3. Moderate 4. Severe Higher ratings = higher levels of motor symptoms which is worse. This scale assesses abnormal movements for parts of the body. The total score is a sum score of items 1-10 and can be 0-40, with 40 being the most symptomatic (i.e., most extrapyramidal side effects, or worse).

    Time frame: Baseline and week 4

  5. Changes in Clinical Severity: Clinical Global Impression Scale

    Changes in clinical severity over the course of treatment will be monitored using the The Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) consists of two items.- Severity scale (CGI-S). Severity - The first item assesses the patient's current level of mental health symptomatology compared to the clinician's experience with other patients with the same diagnosis. The scale ranges from 1. (Normal, not at all ill) 2. (Borderline mentally ill) 3. (Mildly ill) 4. (Moderately ill) 5. (Markedly ill) 6. (Severely ill) 7. (Among the most extremely ill patients) Improvement - The second item assesses how much the patient's symptomatology has changed since the last clinical visit. 1. Very much improved 2. Much improved 3. Minimally improved 4. No change 5. Minimally worse 6. Much worse 7. Very much worse For patients this is a change measure. For control subjects, this is a one time measure. The possible score range is 1-7 with 1 being least and 7 being most symptomatic.

    Time frame: Baseline and week 4 for patients; for controls this is a baseline measure only

  6. Changes in Global Functioning: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)

    Changes in global functioning over the course of treatment will be assessed using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Participants are rated 1-100 on their level of functioning, according to clinical observation: 91 - 100 No symptoms. 81 - 90 Absent or minimal symptoms 71 - 80 If symptoms are present, they expected reactions to stressors 61 - 70 Some mild symptoms 51 - 60 Moderate symptoms 41 - 50 Serious symptoms 31 - 40 Impairment in reality testing or communication or major impairment in several areas 21-30 Behavior influenced by delusions or hallucinations or serious impairment in communication/judgment/inability to function in almost all areas 11-20 Some danger of hurting self or others or occasionally fails to maintain minimal personal hygiene or gross impairment in communication 1-10 Persistent violence risk or lack of self-care 0 No info For patients this is a change measure. For control subjects, this is a one time measure.

    Time frame: Baseline and week 4 for patients; for controls only baseline

  7. Recreational Substances Used by Patients as Recorded by the Substance Use Questionnaire

    This measure is a self-reported questionnaire which assesses for any use of the following substances within the past month prior to the initial research visit Tobacco (if the respondent indicates that they have used tobacco in the past month, they are additionally asked, "On average, how many cigarettes per day have you smoked in the past 7 days?" Alcohol, Cocaine, Marijuana, Opiates, Amphetamines, phencyclidine (PCP) Other Drugs of Abuse (if the respondent indicates they have used other drugs of abuse within the past month of the initial research visit, they are given the opportunity to "specify" which other drugs of abuse they used

    Time frame: This measure is administered on Day 1 of the study.

  8. Participants' Verbal I.Q (Intelligence Quotient) as Assessed by the WTAR (Wechsler Test of Adult Reading) to Determine Clinical Eligibility

    This measure assesses a participant's verbal ability to determine whether they are cognitively able to complete the measures involved in the study. The participant will read from a list of 50 English words and the rater will record whether the pronunciation was correct on a score card for each word spoken. A standard score below the 70th percentile on this measure is indicative of an intellectual disability which would exclude a participant from being clinically and cognitively eligible to complete this study. The potential score range is 0-50. A higher score indicates better cognitive ability. There is only one total score.

    Time frame: This measure is completed on Day 1 of the study.

  9. Participants' Self-Reported Handedness as Recorded by the Edinburgh Handedness Scale (Predominantly Right)

    This measure assesses a participant's preference regarding which hand they would use to complete a specific task. They have the option to indicate whether they would use they would always or most of the time use their left, right, or both left and right hands to complete each task. This measure assesses handedness based on the amount of responses which indicate the participant is either left handed, right handed, or ambidextrous. Below we specifically report on the number of individuals who were predominantly right handed.

    Time frame: This measure is completed on Day 1 of the study.

07

Results

Posted May 6, 2024

Participant flow

Participant flow — Overall Study
MilestonePatientControl
Started1313
Completed139
Not completed04
Withdrew: Withdrawal by subject04

Outcome measures

PrimaryChange in Biomarkers of Treatment Response: Dorsal Caudate (DCA) Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) Levels

Dorsal Caudate (DCA) GABA levels will be ascertained at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment using MRI scan with 1H MRS to assess treatment response. This is a measure of GABA levels, over water, in the dorsal caudate. For patients this is a change measure. For control subjects, this is a one time measure. The values can range from 0 to infinity for controls and -infinity to infinity for patients.

Time frame:
Baseline and 4 weeks of treatment for patients, baseline for controls
Reported as:
Mean · institutional units
Change in Biomarkers of Treatment Response: Dorsal Caudate (DCA) Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) Levels
institutional unitsPatientControl
Change in Biomarkers of Treatment Response: Dorsal Caudate (DCA) Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) Levels-0.65 (-0.95 to -0.35).0037 (.00333 to .0040)
Statistical analysis
  • Patient · ANOVA · p = <0.01
PrimaryChange in Biomarkers of Treatment Response: Dorsal Caudate (DCA) Glx (Glutamate+Glutamine)

Dorsal Caudate (DCA) Glx levels will be ascertained at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment using MRI scan with 1H MRS to assess treatment response. This is a measure of the levels of Glx over water in the dorsal caudate. For patients this is a change measure. For control subjects, this is a one time measure. The values can range from 0 to infinity for controls and -infinity to infinity for patients.

Time frame:
Baseline and 4th week of treatment for patients, baseline only for controls
Reported as:
Mean · institutional units
Change in Biomarkers of Treatment Response: Dorsal Caudate (DCA) Glx (Glutamate+Glutamine)
institutional unitsPatientControl
Change in Biomarkers of Treatment Response: Dorsal Caudate (DCA) Glx (Glutamate+Glutamine)-.28 (-.80 to 0.24).00221 (.00198 to .00244)
Statistical analysis
  • Patient · ANOVA · p = .68
PrimaryChange in Biomarkers Reflecting Treatment Response: Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC) Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)

Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC) GABA levels will be ascertained at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment using MRI scan with 1H MRS to assess treatment response. This is a measure of GABA levels, over water, in the mPFC. For patients this is a change measure. For control subjects, this is a one time measure. The values can range from 0 to infinity for controls and -infinity to infinity for patients.

Time frame:
Baseline and 4th week of treatment for patients, baseline only for controls
Reported as:
Mean · institutional units
Change in Biomarkers Reflecting Treatment Response: Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC) Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)
institutional unitsPatientControl
Change in Biomarkers Reflecting Treatment Response: Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC) Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA).85 (.05 to 1.64).00247 (.0022 to .0025)
Statistical analysis
  • Patient · ANOVA · p = .03
PrimaryChange in Biomarkers Reflecting Treatment Response: Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC) Glx (Glutamate+Glutamine)

Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC) Glx levels will be ascertained at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment using MRI scan with 1H MRS to assess treatment response. This is a measure of glx levels, over water, in the mPFC. For patients this is a change measure. For control subjects, this is a one time measure. The values can range from 0 to infinity for controls and -infinity to infinity for patients.

Time frame:
Baseline and 4th week of treatment for patients, baseline for controls
Reported as:
Mean · institutional units
Change in Biomarkers Reflecting Treatment Response: Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC) Glx (Glutamate+Glutamine)
institutional unitsPatientControl
Change in Biomarkers Reflecting Treatment Response: Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC) Glx (Glutamate+Glutamine)0.19 (-.54 to .93).00191 (.00174 to .00208)
Statistical analysis
  • Patient · ANOVA · p = .01
SecondaryChanges in Neurocognitive Performance: MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)

Memory, attention, reasoning, emotional intelligence, and verbal ability will be assessed using the MCCB before and after 4 weeks of treatment. MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) as measure of Neurocognitive/Functional Measures is a standardized battery designed to measure cognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia. The MCCB is represented as a percentile score. This score can go from 0 to 100 where a higher score indicates a better performance. For patients this is a change measure. For control subjects, this is a one time measure.

Time frame:
Baseline and 4th week of of treatment for patients, baseline only for controls
Reported as:
Mean · percentile score
Changes in Neurocognitive Performance: MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
percentile scorePatientControl
Changes in Neurocognitive Performance: MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)0.222 (0 to 34.4)42.9 (1.4 to 91.9)
Statistical analysis
  • Patient · t-test, 2 sided · p = .59
SecondaryWAMI (Wealth Asset and Income)

The WAMI Score at Baseline is a measure of socioeconomic status across countries and culture. The index scale goes from 0 (lower socioeconomic situation) to 1 (highest socioeconomic situation).

Time frame:
Baseline
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
WAMI (Wealth Asset and Income)
score on a scalePatientControl
WAMI (Wealth Asset and Income).901 ± .179.982 ± .027
Statistical analysis
  • Patient vs Control · t-test, 2 sided · p = .45
SecondaryChanges in Clinical Symptomatology: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

Changes in Positive and Negative Symptoms will be assessed across the treatment period using the PANSS. Participants are rated on a scale of 1. (Absent) 2. (Minimal) 3. (Mild) 4. (Moderate) 5. (Moderate severe) 6. (Severe) 7. (Extreme) to describe Positive, Negative and General symptomatology. Items from each subscale (Positive, Negative, and General) are summed for their respective scales, with lower numbers indicating less severe or absent symptomatology, and higher scores indicating more severe symptoms. A total sum of all subscales is also computed to reflect overall symptom severity. Positive Subscale: 7 items, minimum score = 7, maximum score = 49 Negative Subscale: 7 items, minimum score = 7, maximum score = 49 General Subscale: '16 items, minimum score = 16, maximum score = 112 Total Score: 30 items, minimum score = 30, maximum score = 210. For patients this is a change measure. For control subjects, this is a one time measure.

Time frame:
Baseline and week 4 for patients; for controls only baseline
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Changes in Clinical Symptomatology: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
score on a scalePatientControl
Changes in Clinical Symptomatology: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)-0.09 ± .1531.89 ± 2.98
Statistical analysis
  • Patient · ANOVA · p = .32
SecondaryChanges in Motor Symptomatology: Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)

Motor symptomatology associated with tardive dyskinesia (TD) assessed using the AIMS. The measure consists of 10 items with scale/scores for each item of: 0 None 1. Minimal 2. Mild 3. Moderate 4. Severe Higher ratings = higher levels of motor symptoms which is worse. This scale assesses abnormal movements for parts of the body. The total score is a sum score of items 1-10 and can be 0-40, with 40 being the most symptomatic (i.e., most extrapyramidal side effects, or worse).

Time frame:
Baseline and week 4
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Changes in Motor Symptomatology: Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)
score on a scalePatient
Changes in Motor Symptomatology: Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)-.077 ± .28
Statistical analysis
  • Patient · ANOVA · p = .60
SecondaryChanges in Clinical Severity: Clinical Global Impression Scale

Changes in clinical severity over the course of treatment will be monitored using the The Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) consists of two items.- Severity scale (CGI-S). Severity - The first item assesses the patient's current level of mental health symptomatology compared to the clinician's experience with other patients with the same diagnosis. The scale ranges from 1. (Normal, not at all ill) 2. (Borderline mentally ill) 3. (Mildly ill) 4. (Moderately ill) 5. (Markedly ill) 6. (Severely ill) 7. (Among the most extremely ill patients) Improvement - The second item assesses how much the patient's symptomatology has changed since the last clinical visit. 1. Very much improved 2. Much improved 3. Minimally improved 4. No change 5. Minimally worse 6. Much worse 7. Very much worse For patients this is a change measure. For control subjects, this is a one time measure. The possible score range is 1-7 with 1 being least and 7 being most symptomatic.

Time frame:
Baseline and week 4 for patients; for controls this is a baseline measure only
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Changes in Clinical Severity: Clinical Global Impression Scale
score on a scalePatientControl
Changes in Clinical Severity: Clinical Global Impression Scale-0.054 ± .101 ± 0
Statistical analysis
  • Patient · ANOVA · p = .34
SecondaryChanges in Global Functioning: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)

Changes in global functioning over the course of treatment will be assessed using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Participants are rated 1-100 on their level of functioning, according to clinical observation: 91 - 100 No symptoms. 81 - 90 Absent or minimal symptoms 71 - 80 If symptoms are present, they expected reactions to stressors 61 - 70 Some mild symptoms 51 - 60 Moderate symptoms 41 - 50 Serious symptoms 31 - 40 Impairment in reality testing or communication or major impairment in several areas 21-30 Behavior influenced by delusions or hallucinations or serious impairment in communication/judgment/inability to function in almost all areas 11-20 Some danger of hurting self or others or occasionally fails to maintain minimal personal hygiene or gross impairment in communication 1-10 Persistent violence risk or lack of self-care 0 No info For patients this is a change measure. For control subjects, this is a one time measure.

Time frame:
Baseline and week 4 for patients; for controls only baseline
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Changes in Global Functioning: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)
score on a scalePatientControl
Changes in Global Functioning: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)0.21 ± .2086.4 ± 8.53
Statistical analysis
  • Patient · ANOVA · p = .35
SecondaryRecreational Substances Used by Patients as Recorded by the Substance Use Questionnaire

This measure is a self-reported questionnaire which assesses for any use of the following substances within the past month prior to the initial research visit Tobacco (if the respondent indicates that they have used tobacco in the past month, they are additionally asked, "On average, how many cigarettes per day have you smoked in the past 7 days?" Alcohol, Cocaine, Marijuana, Opiates, Amphetamines, phencyclidine (PCP) Other Drugs of Abuse (if the respondent indicates they have used other drugs of abuse within the past month of the initial research visit, they are given the opportunity to "specify" which other drugs of abuse they used

Time frame:
This measure is administered on Day 1 of the study.
Reported as:
Count of participants · Participants
Recreational Substances Used by Patients as Recorded by the Substance Use Questionnaire
ParticipantsPatientControl
Recreational Substances Used by Patients as Recorded by the Substance Use Questionnaire64
Statistical analysis
  • Patient vs Control · Fisher Exact · p = .66
SecondaryParticipants' Verbal I.Q (Intelligence Quotient) as Assessed by the WTAR (Wechsler Test of Adult Reading) to Determine Clinical Eligibility

This measure assesses a participant's verbal ability to determine whether they are cognitively able to complete the measures involved in the study. The participant will read from a list of 50 English words and the rater will record whether the pronunciation was correct on a score card for each word spoken. A standard score below the 70th percentile on this measure is indicative of an intellectual disability which would exclude a participant from being clinically and cognitively eligible to complete this study. The potential score range is 0-50. A higher score indicates better cognitive ability. There is only one total score.

Time frame:
This measure is completed on Day 1 of the study.
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Participants' Verbal I.Q (Intelligence Quotient) as Assessed by the WTAR (Wechsler Test of Adult Reading) to Determine Clinical Eligibility
score on a scalePatientControl
Participants' Verbal I.Q (Intelligence Quotient) as Assessed by the WTAR (Wechsler Test of Adult Reading) to Determine Clinical Eligibility36.9 ± 8.4343.9 ± 6.23
Statistical analysis
  • Patient vs Control · t-test, 2 sided · p = .04
SecondaryParticipants' Self-Reported Handedness as Recorded by the Edinburgh Handedness Scale (Predominantly Right)

This measure assesses a participant's preference regarding which hand they would use to complete a specific task. They have the option to indicate whether they would use they would always or most of the time use their left, right, or both left and right hands to complete each task. This measure assesses handedness based on the amount of responses which indicate the participant is either left handed, right handed, or ambidextrous. Below we specifically report on the number of individuals who were predominantly right handed.

Time frame:
This measure is completed on Day 1 of the study.
Reported as:
Count of participants · Participants
Participants' Self-Reported Handedness as Recorded by the Edinburgh Handedness Scale (Predominantly Right)
ParticipantsPatientControl
Participants' Self-Reported Handedness as Recorded by the Edinburgh Handedness Scale (Predominantly Right)117
Statistical analysis
  • Patient vs Control · Fisher Exact · p = 1

Adverse events

Collected over 4-6 weeks for patients, 1-2 weeks for controls. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.

Adverse event summary by group
GroupDeathsSeriousOther
Patient0/13 (0%)0/13 (0%)12/13 (92.3%)
Control0/13 (0%)0/13 (0%)0/13 (0%)
Most frequent other events
Most frequent other events
EventPatientControl
drowsiness/sedationNervous system disorders8/130/13
involuntary movementsMusculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders3/130/13
HeadacheNervous system disorders1/130/13
restlessnessMusculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders1/130/13

Baseline characteristics

There are only 9 control subjects in the overall number of baseline participants as 4 of the 13 control subjects who were eligible decided to withdraw before completing the baseline procedures.

Age, Categorical
Age, Categorical(Participants)PatientControlTotal
<=18 years000
Between 18 and 65 years13922
>=65 years000
Age, Continuous
Age, Continuous(years)PatientControlTotal
Mean23.9 ± 3.326.4 ± 2.724.8 ± 3.3
Sex: Female, Male
Sex: Female, Male(Participants)PatientControlTotal
Female6511
Male7411
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)(Participants)PatientControlTotal
Hispanic or Latino617
Not Hispanic or Latino7815
Unknown or Not Reported000
Race (NIH/OMB)
Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants)PatientControlTotal
American Indian or Alaska Native202
Asian000
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander000
Black or African American6511
White549
More than one race000
Unknown or Not Reported000
Region of Enrollment
Region of Enrollment(participants)PatientControlTotal
United States13922
08

Study locations

1 site
  • New York State Psychiatric Institute & Columbia University
    New York, New York 10032, United States
09

References and documents

Publications

  • Abi-Dargham A, Gil R, Krystal J, Baldwin RM, Seibyl JP, Bowers M, van Dyck CH, Charney DS, Innis RB, Laruelle M. Increased striatal dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: confirmation in a second cohort. Am J Psychiatry. 1998 Jun;155(6):761-7. doi: 10.1176/ajp.155.6.761. PubMed 9619147 ↗
  • Carlsson A, Waters N, Holm-Waters S, Tedroff J, Nilsson M, Carlsson ML. Interactions between monoamines, glutamate, and GABA in schizophrenia: new evidence. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:237-60. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.237. PubMed 11264457 ↗
  • CARLSSON A, LINDQVIST M. EFFECT OF CHLORPROMAZINE OR HALOPERIDOL ON FORMATION OF 3METHOXYTYRAMINE AND NORMETANEPHRINE IN MOUSE BRAIN. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 1963;20:140-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1963.tb01730.x. No abstract available. PubMed 14060771 ↗
  • Coyle JT. The glutamatergic dysfunction hypothesis for schizophrenia. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1996 Jan-Feb;3(5):241-53. doi: 10.3109/10673229609017192. PubMed 9384954 ↗
  • Davis KL, Kahn RS, Ko G, Davidson M. Dopamine in schizophrenia: a review and reconceptualization. Am J Psychiatry. 1991 Nov;148(11):1474-86. doi: 10.1176/ajp.148.11.1474. PubMed 1681750 ↗
  • Farooq S, Large M, Nielssen O, Waheed W. The relationship between the duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in low-and-middle income countries: a systematic review and meta analysis. Schizophr Res. 2009 Apr;109(1-3):15-23. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.01.008. Epub 2009 Feb 23. PubMed 19233621 ↗
  • Fusar-Poli P, Bonoldi I, Yung AR, Borgwardt S, Kempton MJ, Valmaggia L, Barale F, Caverzasi E, McGuire P. Predicting psychosis: meta-analysis of transition outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;69(3):220-9. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1472. PubMed 22393215 ↗
  • Fusar-Poli P, Borgwardt S, Bechdolf A, Addington J, Riecher-Rossler A, Schultze-Lutter F, Keshavan M, Wood S, Ruhrmann S, Seidman LJ, Valmaggia L, Cannon T, Velthorst E, De Haan L, Cornblatt B, Bonoldi I, Birchwood M, McGlashan T, Carpenter W, McGorry P, Klosterkotter J, McGuire P, Yung A. The psychosis high-risk state: a comprehensive state-of-the-art review. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Jan;70(1):107-20. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.269. PubMed 23165428 ↗
  • Javitt DC, Zukin SR. Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1991 Oct;148(10):1301-8. doi: 10.1176/ajp.148.10.1301. PubMed 1654746 ↗
  • Krystal JH, Karper LP, Seibyl JP, Freeman GK, Delaney R, Bremner JD, Heninger GR, Bowers MB Jr, Charney DS. Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 Mar;51(3):199-214. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950030035004. PubMed 8122957 ↗
  • Lodge DJ, Grace AA. Aberrant hippocampal activity underlies the dopamine dysregulation in an animal model of schizophrenia. J Neurosci. 2007 Oct 17;27(42):11424-30. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2847-07.2007. PubMed 17942737 ↗
  • Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A. Dopamine as the wind of the psychotic fire: new evidence from brain imaging studies. J Psychopharmacol. 1999 Dec;13(4):358-71. doi: 10.1177/026988119901300405. PubMed 10667612 ↗
  • Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, van Dyck CH, Gil R, D'Souza CD, Erdos J, McCance E, Rosenblatt W, Fingado C, Zoghbi SS, Baldwin RM, Seibyl JP, Krystal JH, Charney DS, Innis RB. Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Aug 20;93(17):9235-40. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.17.9235. PubMed 8799184 ↗
  • Moghaddam B, Adams B, Verma A, Daly D. Activation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by ketamine: a novel step in the pathway from NMDA receptor blockade to dopaminergic and cognitive disruptions associated with the prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci. 1997 Apr 15;17(8):2921-7. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-08-02921.1997. PubMed 9092613 ↗
  • Olney JW, Farber NB. Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995 Dec;52(12):998-1007. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240016004. PubMed 7492260 ↗
  • Olsen KA, Rosenbaum B. Prospective investigations of the prodromal state of schizophrenia: review of studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2006 Apr;113(4):247-72. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00697.x. PubMed 16638070 ↗
  • Perkins DO, Gu H, Boteva K, Lieberman JA. Relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: a critical review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Oct;162(10):1785-804. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1785. PubMed 16199825 ↗
  • Snyder SH. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: focus on the dopamine receptor. Am J Psychiatry. 1976 Feb;133(2):197-202. doi: 10.1176/ajp.133.2.197. PubMed 1251927 ↗
  • Tamminga CA. Schizophrenia and glutamatergic transmission. Crit Rev Neurobiol. 1998;12(1-2):21-36. doi: 10.1615/critrevneurobiol.v12.i1-2.20. PubMed 9444480 ↗
  • Tamminga CA, Holcomb HH, Gao XM, Lahti AC. Glutamate pharmacology and the treatment of schizophrenia: current status and future directions. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995 Sep;10 Suppl 3:29-37. PubMed 8866763 ↗
  • Yung AR, Yuen HP, Berger G, Francey S, Hung TC, Nelson B, Phillips L, McGorry P. Declining transition rate in ultra high risk (prodromal) services: dilution or reduction of risk? Schizophr Bull. 2007 May;33(3):673-81. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbm015. Epub 2007 Apr 2. PubMed 17404389 ↗

Study documents

PDFs hosted by the registry, ClinicalTrials.gov.

Individual participant data

Plan to share: Undecided

10

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
ElapsedEstimatedEstimated, not yet reached

Ran from Sep 2017 to primary completion in May 2023, 68 months.

Results were first posted in May 2024, 11 months after primary completion.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
Oct 2, 2017
First posted
Oct 27, 2017
StartActual
Sep 15, 2017
Primary completionActual
May 31, 2023
CompletionActual
May 31, 2023
Results first posted
May 6, 2024
Last update
May 6, 2024
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on May 6, 2024, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
11

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT03323437
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Oct 27, 2017
Start date
Sep 15, 2017
Primary completion
May 31, 2023
Completion
May 31, 2023
Results posted
May 6, 2024
Last update
May 6, 2024

Study contacts

Dikoma C. Shungu, Ph.D.
principal investigator · Weill Medical College of Cornell University

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
Yes
FDA-regulated drug
Yes
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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This study is completed, as verified in May 2024. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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Studies of the drug tested here: Risperidone

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