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CompletedNCT02277730DIVAUpdated Aug 7, 2026

A Novel Closed-loop Integrated System for the Maintenance of Haemodynamic Stability

A Phase 2/3 interventional study of vasopressor delivery automated system and phenylephrine in Hypotension, sponsored by KK Women's and Children's Hospital. Completed at 1 site in Singapore. Open to female participants aged 21 Years to 45 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-08-07.

Sponsored by KK Women's and Children's Hospital · Phase 2/3, Interventional, and Treatment

From the registry’s dates

  • Registered 1 year 5 months after the study started (first participant enrolled May 2013, registered Oct 2014).
Phase
Phase 2/3
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
252
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
21 Years to 45 Years
Sex
Female
01

Study summary

Hypotension occurs commonly during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with maternal and fetal adverse effects. The investigators developed a double-vasopressor automated system incorporating continuous non-invasive haemodynamic monitoring using NexfinTM with a two-step algorithm.

Read the detailed description

Hypotension occurs commonly during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with maternal and fetal adverse effects. We developed a double-vasopressor automated system incorporating continuous non-invasive haemodynamic monitoring using Nexfin cardiac output monitor with a two-step algorithm. The system delivered phenylephrine 25 mcg or ephedrine 2 mg (if heart rate\<60 beats.min-1) every 30 seconds when systolic blood pressure was between 90-100% of baseline. The system delivered phenylephrine 50 mcg or ephedrine 4 mg (if heart rate\<60 beats.min-1) every 30 seconds when systolic blood pressure was \<90% of baseline.

A randomised controlled trial will be done to compare with manual bolus technique. With the manual bolus technique, phenylephrine 50mcg or ephedrine 4mg (if heart rate\<60 beats.min-1) every 60 seconds when systolic blood pressure was between 90-100% of baseline. The system delivered phenylephrine 100mcg or ephedrine 8mg (if heart rate\<60 beats.min-1) every 60 seconds when systolic blood pressure was \<90% of baseline.

02

Conditions studied

  • Hypotension

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Keywords

  • Hypotension
03

In context

Hypotension

1,003 studies on the registry are indexed under Hypotension; 173 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 252 is above the median of 80 across 675 interventional studies indexed under Hypotension.

Browse Hypotension studies →

Lead sponsor

KK Women's and Children's Hospital is the lead sponsor of 136 studies on the registry; 33 are open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
21 Years to 45 Years
Sexes eligible
Female
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Inclusion criteria

  • age 21-45 years old,
  • weight 40-90 kg,
  • height 145-170 cm

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • contraindications to spinal anaesthesia,
  • allergy to drugs used in the study, and
  • those with uncontrolled medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease
05

Study design

Phase
Phase 2 / Phase 3
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
Double (Participant, Investigator)
Enrollment
252 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    vasopressor delivery automated system

    vasopressor delivery automated system administering phenylephrine and ephedrine using a 2 step algorithm vasopressor delivery technique

    Device: vasopressor delivery automated system · Drug: phenylephrine · Drug: ephedrine

  • Active comparator
    manual vasopressor delivery

    manual bolus delivering phenylephrine and ephedrine using a 2 step algorithm vasopressor delivery technique

    Drug: phenylephrine · Drug: ephedrine · Device: manual vasopressor delivery

Interventions

  • Devicevasopressor delivery automated system

    vasopressor delivery using phenylephrine and ephedrine

    Also known as: vasopressor delivery technique

  • Drugphenylephrine

    Also known as: vasopressor

  • Drugephedrine

    Also known as: vasopressor

  • Devicemanual vasopressor delivery
06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Hypotension

    Systolic blood pressure less than 80% of baseline systolic blood pressure

    Time frame: 1 day

Secondary outcomes

  1. Hypertension

    Systolic blood pressure more than 120% of baseline systolic blood pressure

    Time frame: 1 day

  2. Nausea and vomiting

    Nausea and vomiting during Caesarean section

    Time frame: 1 day

07

Study locations

1 site
  • KK Women's and Children's Hospital
    Singapore, 229899, Singapore
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Du EW, Tan HS, Tan CW, Sultana R, Sng BL. Heart rate variability and haemodynamic factors associated with hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: A case-control study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2022 Mar 1;39(3):219-226. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000001551. PubMed 34101716 ↗
  • Sng BL, Du W, Lee MX, Ithnin F, Mathur D, Leong WL, Sultana R, Han NR, Sia ATH. Comparison of double intravenous vasopressor automated system using nexfin versus manual vasopressor bolus administration for maintenance of haemodynamic stability during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: A randomised double-blind controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2018 May;35(5):390-397. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000779. PubMed 29373334 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: Undecided

09

Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Aug 7, 2026, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT02277730
Lead sponsor
KK Women's and Children's Hospital
Responsible party
Sng Ban Leong (Principal Investigator, KK Women's and Children's Hospital) — Principal investigator
First posted
Oct 29, 2014
Start date
May 2013
Primary completion
Nov 2017
Completion
Dec 2017
Last update
Aug 7, 2026

Study contacts

Ban L Sng, FANZCA
principal investigator · KK Women's and Children's Hospital

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Not currently enrolling

This study is completed, as verified in Aug 2026. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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