ClinicalTrials.gg
CompletedNCT01878435m-SIMUUpdated Oct 27, 2022

Randomized Controlled Trial of the Impact of Mobile Phone Delivered Reminders and Travel Subsidies to Improve Childhood Immunization Coverage Rates and Timeliness in Western Kenya

An interventional study of SMS reminder and Travel subsidy in Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis, sponsored by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Completed at 1 site in Kenya. Open to participants aged 0 Weeks to 5 Weeks, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2022-10-27.

Sponsored by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health · Not applicable, Interventional, and Other

Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
2,018
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
0 Weeks to 5 Weeks
Sex
All
01

Study summary

The project goal is to conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to test whether mobile phone short message system (SMS) reminders, either with or without mobile-phone based travel subsidies will improve timeliness, coverage, and drop-out rates of routine EPI vaccines in rural western Kenya.

02

Conditions studied

  • Diphtheria
  • Tetanus
  • Pertussis
  • Hepatitis B
  • Haemophilus Influenzae Type b
  • Measles

Keywords

  • Short Message System
  • SMS reminder
  • mobile phone
  • cell phone
  • vaccination
  • immunization
  • mHealth
03

In context

Diphtheria

267 studies on the registry are indexed under Diphtheria; 17 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 2,018 is above the median of 448 across 241 interventional studies indexed under Diphtheria.

Browse Diphtheria studies →

Lead sponsor

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health is the lead sponsor of 371 studies on the registry; 42 are open to participants now.

Of its 5 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 3 (60%) have results posted.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
0 Weeks to 5 Weeks
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  1. Mother of infant aged 0-4 weeks during the study period
  2. Current resident of one of the study villages
  3. Willing to sign for the study

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. Plans to move out of the study area in the next 6 months
  2. Resides in a village with active immunization intervention/program
  3. Has already received immunizations other than birth dose of BCG or polio
Terms in these criteria, in plain language(1)

Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.

Informed consent

Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.

You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.

05

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Other
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
None (open label)
Enrollment
2,018 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    SMS reminder

    Other: SMS reminder

  • Experimental
    SMS reminder and Travel subsidy

    Other: SMS reminder · Other: Travel subsidy

  • No intervention
    Control
  • Experimental
    SMS reminder and Travel subsidy 2

    Other: SMS reminder · Other: Travel subsidy 2

Interventions

  • OtherSMS reminder
  • OtherTravel subsidy
  • OtherTravel subsidy 2
06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Percent of children immunized

    Time frame: Up to 12 months of age

Secondary outcomes

  1. Percent of fully immunized children (FIC) by study arm

    FIC = One dose bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, three doses pentavalent (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, haemophilus influenzae type b) vaccine, three doses polio vaccine and one dose measles vaccine. The proportion of FIC infants by 10 months of age in each of the intervention arms (SMS only and SMS + subsidy) will be separately compared to the control arm using statistical analyses that adjust for the cluster design and any socio-demographic variables that may be unequally distributed across study arms

    Time frame: 10 months of age

  2. Proportion of children vaccinated by study arm

    The proportion of intervention arm infants that receive vaccination within 2 weeks of the scheduled date will be calculated for each dose of vaccine and compared to the control arm using statistical analyses that adjust for our cluster design and any socio-demographic variables that may be unequally distributed across study arms

    Time frame: Within 2 weeks of each scheduled vaccine date

  3. Proportion of children dropping out between doses

    Comparison of the differences in percentages of children vaccinated with pentavalent1 and pentavalent3 in the interventions arms compared to this difference in the control arm using statistical analyses that adjust for our cluster design and any socio-demographic variables that may be unequally distributed across study arms

    Time frame: Age 24 weeks

  4. Proportion of children receiving measles and pentavalent vaccines by study arm

    Comparison of vaccine coverage (pentavalent3 and measles, separately) between intervention and control arms

    Time frame: Age 24 weeks (pentavalent only), 10 months and age 12 months

  5. Proportion in each arm vaccinated by mobile phone ownership and by residential distance from a health facility

    Vaccine coverage analysis stratified by mobile phone ownership and residential distance

    Time frame: Age 12 months

  6. Height-for-age,to evaluate if the interventions had impact on other health status indicators

    Using regression, average height for age in each group will be compared across study groups

    Time frame: Age 12 months

  7. Direct costs for each intervention arm

    Costs include SMS messages, the amount of travel subsidy transferred, and the tariffs and fees that are associated with using mobile-money. For each arm, these costs will be divided by the number of children vaccinated and comparisons will be made across study arms

    Time frame: 25 months, approximate time period for deploying interventions

  8. Bed-net usage, to evaluate if the interventions had impact on other indicators of health status

    Proportion of children using bed-nets will be compared across study groups

    Time frame: Age 12 months

  9. Vitamin A coverage, o evaluate if the interventions had impact on other indicators of health status

    Proportion of children who have received vitamin A supplementation will be compared across study groups

    Time frame: Age 12 months

07

Study locations

1 site
  • Gem and Asembo Area
    Gem And Asembo Area, Siaya County, Kenya
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Wakadha H, Chandir S, Were EV, Rubin A, Obor D, Levine OS, Gibson DG, Odhiambo F, Laserson KF, Feikin DR. The feasibility of using mobile-phone based SMS reminders and conditional cash transfers to improve timely immunization in rural Kenya. Vaccine. 2013 Jan 30;31(6):987-93. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.093. Epub 2012 Dec 13. PubMed 23246258 ↗
  • Gibson DG, Kagucia EW, Ochieng B, Hariharan N, Obor D, Moulton LH, Winch PJ, Levine OS, Odhiambo F, O'Brien KL, Feikin DR. The Mobile Solutions for Immunization (M-SIMU) Trial: A Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial That Assesses the Impact of Mobile Phone Delivered Reminders and Travel Subsidies to Improve Childhood Immunization Coverage Rates and Timeliness in Western Kenya. JMIR Res Protoc. 2016 May 17;5(2):e72. doi: 10.2196/resprot.5030. PubMed 27189422 ↗
  • Gibson DG, Ochieng B, Kagucia EW, Were J, Hayford K, Moulton LH, Levine OS, Odhiambo F, O'Brien KL, Feikin DR. Mobile phone-delivered reminders and incentives to improve childhood immunisation coverage and timeliness in Kenya (M-SIMU): a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2017 Apr;5(4):e428-e438. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30072-4. PubMed 28288747 ↗
09

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
Not marked actual or estimatedDates not marked actual or estimated

The record gives a start of Oct 2013, a primary completion of Feb 2016 and a completion of Feb 2016. It does not say whether these dates are actual or estimated.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
Jun 10, 2013
First posted
Jun 17, 2013
Start
Oct 2013
Primary completionActual
Feb 2016
CompletionActual
Feb 2016
Last update
Oct 27, 2022
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Oct 27, 2022, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT01878435
Collaborators
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Jun 17, 2013
Start date
Oct 2013
Primary completion
Feb 2016
Completion
Feb 2016
Last update
Oct 27, 2022

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Not currently enrolling

This study is completed, as verified in Oct 2022. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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