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CompletedNCT01834859Updated Jun 4, 2020

Weight Loss Maintenance and Compensatory Mechanisms Activated With a Very-low Calorie Diet

An interventional study of Multidisciplinary outpatient program and Inpatient lifestyle program in Obesity, Morbid, sponsored by Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Completed at 1 site in Norway. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 65 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2020-06-04.

Sponsored by Norwegian University of Science and Technology · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment

Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
100
Allocation
Non-randomized
Ages
18 Years to 65 Years
Sex
All
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Study summary

Very-low calorie diets are relatively safe and effective in inducing significant weight loss, when used in selective individuals and under clinical supervision. However, weight loss maintenance in the long-term remains the main challenge, with many experiencing a significant weight regain. Several compensatory mechanisms are activated under weight reduction, both at the level of energy intake (such as increased appetite) and energy expenditure (such as reduced energy expenditure), and increase the risk of relapse.

The main aim of this study is to compare the effect of two multidisciplinary lifestyle interventions on weight loss maintenance at one year, after initial weight loss during 8 weeks very-low calorie diet. Participants will be allocated (non-randomly) to either an outpatient program in the obesity unit of the local hospital, or to an inpatient program consisting of a "continuous care" intervention, with three intermittent stays (each with three-week duration) in a rehabilitation center over a one year period. Moreover, the investigators aim to assess the impact of weight loss (achieved with a very low calorie diet) and weight loss maintenance on compensatory mechanisms activated during weight reduction.

Read the detailed description

This study included a sub-study (n=30) to determine the timeline over which compensatory mechanisms (at both the level of energy expenditure and appetite control system) are activated with progressive weight loss. Additional measurements were taken at day-3, 5 and 10 % weight loss, and after 4 weeks weight stabilization (after gradually reintroduction of food).

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Conditions studied

  • Obesity, Morbid

Keywords

  • weight reduction programs
  • diet
  • Caloric restriction
  • weight loss
  • weight gain
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In context

Obesity, Morbid

922 studies on the registry are indexed under Obesity, Morbid; 172 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 100 is above the median of 60 across 590 interventional studies indexed under Obesity, Morbid.

Browse Obesity, Morbid studies →

Lead sponsor

Norwegian University of Science and Technology is the lead sponsor of 487 studies on the registry; 52 are open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

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Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years to 65 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Inclusion criteria

  • volunteers from Central Norway
  • if female: taking oral contraceptives or post-menopausal
  • body mass index 30-45 kg/m2
  • stable weight (\<2kg variation in the last 3 months)
  • not currently dieting to lose weight

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Pregnancy
  • breast feeding
  • drug or alcohol abuse within the last two years
  • current medication known to affect appetite or induce weight loss
  • enrollment in another obesity treatment program
  • history of psychological disorders
  • history of eating disorders
  • history of diabetes type 1 or 2
  • gastrointestinal disorders (particular cholelithiasis)
  • kidney -, liver -, lung- or cardiovascular disease
  • malignancies
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Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Non-randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
None (open label)
Enrollment
100 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Outpatient

    Multidisciplinary outpatient program including both individual and group-based therapy. During the first visit, there will be offered an individual consultation with the dietician, physiotherapist and psychiatric nurse. Follow-up will be in groups meeting every month for the first four months and every two months afterwards up to one year. The intervention will focus on nutritional education, healthy eating, increased physical activity levels (aiming initially at 10 minutes/day, then increasing to 30 minutes/day) and cognitive therapy.

    Behavioral: Multidisciplinary outpatient program

  • Experimental
    Inpatient

    Inpatient lifestyle program consisting of a "continuous care" weight loss program offered at a rehabilitation center, with three intermittent stays (each with 3-week duration) over a one year period.

    Behavioral: Inpatient lifestyle program

Interventions

  • BehavioralMultidisciplinary outpatient program

    Diet (phase 1) and multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention (phase 2)

  • BehavioralInpatient lifestyle program

    Diet (phase 1) and lifestyle intervention (phase 2)

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What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. body weight

    body weight change after end of very-low calory diet

    Time frame: 1 year (changes from baseline to one year)

Secondary outcomes

  1. resting metabolic rate, short-term

    using indirect calorimetry

    Time frame: 10 weeks

  2. appetite, short-term

    assessed through: * the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) * fasting and postprandial release of appetite related hormones in blood samples, for a period of 3h (0, 30, 60, 120, 180 minutes), after a standard breakfast * feelings of hunger/fullness by a visual analog scale

    Time frame: 10 weeks

  3. exercise efficiency, short-term

    assessed through graded cycle ergometry and indirect calorimetry

    Time frame: 10 weeks

  4. physical activity level, short-term

    measurement with arm bands

    Time frame: 10 weeks

  5. resting metabolic rate, long-term

    using indirect calorimetry

    Time frame: 1 year

  6. appetite, long-term

    assessed through: * the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) * fasting and postprandial release of appetite related hormones in blood samples, for a period of 3h (0, 30, 60, 120, 180 minutes), after a standard breakfast * feelings of hunger/fullness by a visual analog scale

    Time frame: 1 year

  7. exercise efficiency, long-term

    assessed through graded cycle ergometry and indirect calorimetry

    Time frame: 1 year

  8. physical activity level, long-term

    measurement with arm bands

    Time frame: 1 year

  9. Sleep duration and quality

    Sleep duration and quality will be measured using The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)

    Time frame: Baseline, end of weigth loss phase and 1 year

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Study locations

1 site
  • St Olavs Hospital
    Trondheim, Norway
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References and documents

Publications

  • Nymo S, Coutinho SR, Jorgensen J, Rehfeld JF, Truby H, Kulseng B, Martins C. Timeline of changes in appetite during weight loss with a ketogenic diet. Int J Obes (Lond). 2017 Aug;41(8):1224-1231. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2017.96. Epub 2017 Apr 25. PubMed 28439092 ↗
  • Martins C, Nymo S, Truby H, Rehfeld JF, Hunter GR, Gower BA. Association Between Ketosis and Changes in Appetite Markers with Weight Loss Following a Very Low-Energy Diet. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020 Dec;28(12):2331-2338. doi: 10.1002/oby.23011. PubMed 33230962 ↗
  • DeBenedictis JN, Nymo S, Ollestad KH, Boyesen GA, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Truby H, Kulseng B, Martins C. Changes in the Homeostatic Appetite System After Weight Loss Reflect a Normalization Toward a Lower Body Weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Jul 1;105(7):e2538-46. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa202. PubMed 32301981 ↗
  • Lyngstad A, Nymo S, Coutinho SR, Rehfeld JF, Truby H, Kulseng B, Martins C. Investigating the effect of sex and ketosis on weight-loss-induced changes in appetite. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019 Jun 1;109(6):1511-1518. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz002. PubMed 31070711 ↗
  • Nymo S, Coutinho SR, Rehfeld JF, Truby H, Kulseng B, Martins C. Physiological Predictors of Weight Regain at 1-Year Follow-Up in Weight-Reduced Adults with Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019 Jun;27(6):925-931. doi: 10.1002/oby.22476. Epub 2019 Apr 20. PubMed 31004405 ↗
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Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Jun 4, 2020, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
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Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT01834859
Lead sponsor
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Collaborators
St. Olavs Hospital
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Apr 18, 2013
Start date
Aug 2013
Primary completion
Oct 2016
Completion
Oct 2016
Last update
Jun 4, 2020

Study contacts

Catia Martins, phd
principal investigator · Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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This study is completed, as verified in Oct 2016. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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