An observational study in Maturation Level, Football Players and Injuries; Muscle, Nontraumatic, sponsored by Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University. Completed at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Open to male participants aged 14 Years to 19 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-11-05.
Sponsored by Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University · Observational
This study aims to investigate the relationship between biological maturation, athletic performance, and injury risk in adolescent male soccer players. Participants aged 14-19 years will be recruited from a professional soccer academy. Biological maturation status will be assessed using maturity offset calculations, while athletic performance will be evaluated through standardized tests including agility, balance, strength, and aerobic capacity. Injury risk will be assessed using functional movement screening. The findings are expected to provide insights into the role of maturation in performance and injury risk in youth soccer players.
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Adolescent male soccer players aged 14-19 years, actively participating in regular training and competition within a professional soccer academy, will constitute the study population.
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Exclusion Criteria:
Participants aged 14-19 years who are actively competing in a professional football academy and undergoing assessment of biological maturation, athletic performance, and injury risk parameters.
Other: Anthropometric and Performance Assessment.
Participants will undergo a structured evaluation protocol including anthropometric measurements, athletic performance tests (e.g., agility, strength, balance, and aerobic capacity), and injury risk assessment using functional movement screening. No therapeutic or experimental intervention will be applied.
Estimated Maturity Offset
Biological maturation was estimated using the male-specific Mirwald maturity-offset equation based on decimal chronological age, standing height, sitting height, derived leg length, and body mass. Decimal chronological age was calculated using May 1, 2025 as the common reference date. The outcome was estimated time from peak height velocity (PHV), expressed in years. Negative values indicate time before estimated PHV and positive values indicate time after estimated PHV. This measure is an anthropometric estimate of maturation rather than a direct measurement of biological age.
Time frame: Baseline
Functional Movement Screen Total Score
Functional movement quality was assessed using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS). Seven movement patterns were scored from 0 to 3: deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight-leg raise, trunk stability push-up, and rotary stability. A score of 3 indicates performance meeting the standard criteria, 2 indicates compensatory movement, 1 indicates inability to meet the criteria, and 0 indicates pain. For bilateral items, the lower of the two side scores contributed to the total. The seven item scores were summed to give a total score from 0 to 21 points. Higher scores indicate better functional movement quality.
Time frame: Baseline
Final Running Speed in the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test
Intermittent running performance was assessed using the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test on a 40-m shuttle course. The test consisted of 30-second running stages separated by 15-second recovery periods. Running speed started at 8 km/h and increased by 0.5 km/h at each stage. Participants followed audio signals until they could no longer maintain the required pace or continue the test. The outcome was the speed of the last completed stage, recorded in kilometers per hour (km/h). Higher values indicate better intermittent running performance.
Time frame: Baseline
Pro-Agility Test Completion Time
Change-of-direction performance was assessed using the Pro-Agility Test. Markers were placed 5 yards (4.57 m) to either side of the central starting line. From the central line, the participant moved to and touched the right marker, then the left marker, and returned through the central line. Completion time was measured using a photocell timing system at the central line and recorded in seconds. Lower values indicate faster completion and better change-of-direction performance.
Time frame: Baseline
Hamstring Isometric Strength
Hamstring isometric strength was assessed using an Active Force 2 digital handheld dynamometer. The participant lay prone with the knee flexed to approximately 90 degrees and performed three maximal isometric knee-flexion contractions lasting approximately 3 to 5 seconds each, with 30 seconds of rest between trials. The highest force recorded across the three trials was used as the outcome and expressed in newtons (N). Higher values indicate greater hamstring isometric strength.
Time frame: Baseline
Quadriceps Isometric Strength
Quadriceps isometric strength was assessed using an Active Force 2 digital handheld dynamometer. The participant sat with the hip and knee flexed to approximately 90 degrees and performed three maximal isometric knee-extension contractions lasting approximately 3 to 5 seconds each, with 30 seconds of rest between trials. The highest force recorded across the three trials was used as the outcome and expressed in newtons (N). Higher values indicate greater quadriceps isometric strength.
Time frame: Baseline
Number of Balance Errors in the Flamingo Balance Test
Static balance was assessed using the Flamingo Balance Test. The participant maintained a single-leg stance for \[CONFIRMED TEST DURATION\]. Touching the ground with the non-supporting foot, moving the supporting foot, or losing balance was counted as an error. The total number of balance errors during the assessment was recorded as a count. Lower values indicate better static balance.
Time frame: Baseline
Mean Seated Medicine Ball Chest Pass Distance
Upper-body explosive performance was assessed using a seated chest pass with a 3-kg medicine ball. The participant sat with the knees extended and the back, shoulders, and head against a wall. The ball was thrown as far as possible from chest level using both hands while maintaining contact with the wall. After warm-up and practice attempts, four valid throws were performed with 30 to 45 seconds of rest between throws. The arithmetic mean of the four throwing distances was recorded in meters (m). Higher values indicate better throwing performance.
Time frame: Baseline
Right Anterior Normalized Reach Score on the Y Balance Test
Dynamic balance was assessed using the Y Balance Test with the right leg as the stance limb. After practice attempts, three valid reaches were recorded in the anterior direction. The greatest valid reach distance was divided by the length of the right lower limb and multiplied by 100. Lower-limb length was measured from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus. The outcome was expressed as a percentage of limb length. Higher values indicate greater reach relative to limb length.
Time frame: Baseline
Right Posteromedial Normalized Reach Score on the Y Balance Test
Dynamic balance was assessed using the Y Balance Test with the right leg as the stance limb. After practice attempts, three valid reaches were recorded in the posteromedial direction. The greatest valid reach distance was divided by the length of the right lower limb and multiplied by 100. Lower-limb length was measured from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus. The outcome was expressed as a percentage of limb length. Higher values indicate greater reach relative to limb length.
Time frame: Baseline
Right Posterolateral Normalized Reach Score on the Y Balance Test
Dynamic balance was assessed using the Y Balance Test with the right leg as the stance limb. After practice attempts, three valid reaches were recorded in the posterolateral direction. The greatest valid reach distance was divided by the length of the right lower limb and multiplied by 100. Lower-limb length was measured from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus. The outcome was expressed as a percentage of limb length. Higher values indicate greater reach relative to limb length.
Time frame: Baseline
Right Composite Score on the Y Balance Test
Dynamic balance was assessed using the Y Balance Test with the right leg as the stance limb. The greatest valid reach distance from three trials in each of the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions was used. The three distances were summed, divided by three times the length of the right lower limb, and multiplied by 100. Lower-limb length was measured from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus. The composite score was expressed as a percentage of limb length. Higher values indicate greater overall reach relative to limb length.
Time frame: Baseline
Left Anterior Normalized Reach Score on the Y Balance Test
Dynamic balance was assessed using the Y Balance Test with the left leg as the stance limb. After practice attempts, three valid reaches were recorded in the anterior direction. The greatest valid reach distance was divided by the length of the left lower limb and multiplied by 100. Lower-limb length was measured from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus. The outcome was expressed as a percentage of limb length. Higher values indicate greater reach relative to limb length.
Time frame: Baseline
Left Posteromedial Normalized Reach Score on the Y Balance Test
Dynamic balance was assessed using the Y Balance Test with the left leg as the stance limb. After practice attempts, three valid reaches were recorded in the posteromedial direction. The greatest valid reach distance was divided by the length of the left lower limb and multiplied by 100. Lower-limb length was measured from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus. The outcome was expressed as a percentage of limb length. Higher values indicate greater reach relative to limb length.
Time frame: Baseline
Left Posterolateral Normalized Reach Score on the Y Balance Test
Dynamic balance was assessed using the Y Balance Test with the left leg as the stance limb. After practice attempts, three valid reaches were recorded in the posterolateral direction. The greatest valid reach distance was divided by the length of the left lower limb and multiplied by 100. Lower-limb length was measured from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus. The outcome was expressed as a percentage of limb length. Higher values indicate greater reach relative to limb length.
Time frame: Baseline
Left Composite Score on the Y Balance Test
Dynamic balance was assessed using the Y Balance Test with the left leg as the stance limb. The greatest valid reach distance from three trials in each of the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions was used. The three distances were summed, divided by three times the length of the left lower limb, and multiplied by 100. Lower-limb length was measured from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus. The composite score was expressed as a percentage of limb length. Higher values indicate greater overall reach relative to limb length.
Time frame: Baseline
Plan to share: No — Individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared due to ethical and legal restrictions related to the protection of personal data. Although data will be de-identified, there remains a potential risk of re-identification. Therefore, all data will be stored securely and used solely for research purposes in accordance with institutional and national data protection regulations.
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Ran from May 2025 to primary completion in May 2025, 0 months.
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Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University