Development and Clinical Validation of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms for Sleep Staging and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Screening Based on a Large-Scale Model Trained on Multimodal Physiological Signals From Diverse Populations

• Study Population 1: Individuals scheduled to undergo standard full-night PSG at a participating center.

Participants must meet all of the following criteria:

1. Aged 18-65 years, of either sex.
2. Voluntarily agrees to participate and provides written informed consent.
3. Able to complete standard full-night attended Type I PSG.
4. Able to wear a smart ring and a continuous body-temperature patch and to use a contactless sleep-monitoring belt concurrently during PSG.
5. Able to complete study-related questionnaires and collection of basic information.

Study Population 2: Recruited healthy volunteers or volunteers at low risk for sleep disorders. Participants must meet all of the following criteria:

1. Aged 18-65 years, of either sex.
2. Self-reports generally good sleep and no prominent subjective sleep complaints, such as habitual snoring, frequent awakenings with choking or gasping, chronic difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or excessive daytime sleepiness; and has no previous clinical diagnosis of sleep apnea, chronic insomnia, or any other sleep disorder.
3. Has not regularly used sedative-hypnotic medication during the previous month.
4. Voluntarily agrees to participate and provides written informed consent.
5. Able to complete standard full-night attended Type I PSG.
6. Able to wear a smart ring and a continuous body-temperature patch and to use a contactless sleep-monitoring belt concurrently during PSG.
7. Able to complete study-related questionnaires and collection of basic information.

Exclusion Criteria:

• A participant meeting any of the following criteria will be excluded:

  1. Unable to complete full-night PSG.
  2. Unable to wear or use the study devices, or has clear intolerance to the devices or adhesive materials.
  3. Requires continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), noninvasive ventilation, supplemental oxygen, or another medical device during the night that may significantly interfere with signal acquisition from PSG or the study devices.
  4. Has persistent atrial fibrillation, a severe or unstable medical condition, significant organ dysfunction, or any condition that substantially affects sleep.
  5. Has severe cognitive impairment, psychiatric or behavioral abnormalities, or another condition that prevents understanding of the study or cooperation with study procedures.
  6. Is considered by the investigator to be unsuitable for completion of overnight monitoring.
  7. Has any other condition that, in the investigator's judgment, makes participation inappropriate.