An interventional study of HIIT 1:1 and HIIT 1:2 in Exercise Recovery Following High-Intensity Interval Training and High-Intensity Interval Training in Football Players, sponsored by Ondokuz Mayıs University. Completed at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Open to male participants aged 18 Years to 32 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-10-27.
Sponsored by Ondokuz Mayıs University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Basic science
This study evaluated how trained young male football players responded to two high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions that differed in the length of the passive recovery period between repeated running bouts. Participants completed both exercise conditions in a fixed order. The first session used 10 seconds of high-intensity running followed by 10 seconds of passive recovery (HIIT 1:1). Seven days later, the same participants completed a second session using 10 seconds of high-intensity running followed by 20 seconds of passive recovery (HIIT 1:2).
Both exercise sessions were matched for exercise intensity, active work duration, number of repetitions, and prescribed running distance. Participants were assessed before exercise, immediately after exercise, and at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each session.
The study examined biochemical responses, perceived muscle soreness, countermovement jump performance, and changes in circulating amino acids and amino acid-related compounds. The purpose was to describe and compare recovery responses across the two fixed-sequence HIIT sessions. Because all participants completed HIIT 1:1 first and HIIT 1:2 second, the study was not randomized or counterbalanced, and any differences between sessions may also reflect session-order effects.
This was an exploratory, single-group, fixed-sequence within-subject study conducted in trained young male amateur and semi-professional football players. All participants completed two high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions separated by seven days. The order was fixed: HIIT 1:1 was performed first, followed by HIIT 1:2 one week later. The sequence was neither randomized nor counterbalanced.
Before the experimental sessions, participants completed the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test to determine individual maximal intermittent running velocity (VIFT). Exercise intensity during both HIIT sessions was prescribed at 95% of each participant's VIFT. Each protocol consisted of two sets of 30 running repetitions, giving 60 work bouts and a total active running duration of 10 minutes per session. Each work interval lasted 10 seconds. In the HIIT 1:1 condition, each work interval was followed by 10 seconds of passive recovery, whereas in the HIIT 1:2 condition, each work interval was followed by 20 seconds of passive recovery. Thus, intensity, active work duration, number of repetitions, and prescribed running distance were matched, while passive recovery duration and total elapsed session duration differed between sessions.
Biochemical, perceptual, and neuromuscular assessments were performed before exercise, immediately after exercise, and at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session. Blood sampling included targeted measurement of 41 amino acids and amino acid-related compounds using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, together with serum creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, C-reactive protein, creatine kinase-MB, and heart-type fatty acid-binding protein.
Perceived muscle soreness was assessed using a 0-10 visual analogue scale, and lower-body neuromuscular performance was evaluated using countermovement jump measures, including jump height, power, mean velocity, and flight time.
Twenty trained male football players volunteered for the study; two did not complete the experimental procedures, and 18 participants completed both sessions and were included in the analyses. Eligible participants had at least four years of systematic football training experience, regularly trained at least three times per week, and had no recent musculoskeletal injury or known cardiovascular, metabolic, or neurological disorder.
The study was designed to characterize acute responses and 72-hour recovery kinetics across the two exercise sessions.
Ondokuz Mayıs University is the lead sponsor of 275 studies on the registry; 68 are open to participants now.
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All participants completed two high-intensity interval training sessions in a fixed sequence. HIIT 1:1 was performed first, followed seven days later by HIIT 1:2. Both sessions were performed at 95% of individual VIFT and consisted of 2 sets of 30 repetitions of 10-second running bouts. Passive recovery between bouts was 10 seconds in HIIT 1:1 and 20 seconds in HIIT 1:2.
Behavioral: HIIT 1:1 · Behavioral: HIIT 1:2
High-intensity interval running performed at 95% of each participant's individual VIFT. The protocol consisted of 2 sets of 30 repetitions, for a total of 60 running bouts. Each work interval lasted 10 seconds and was followed by 10 seconds of passive recovery. Total active running time was 10 minutes. Inter-set recovery was individualized and the second set began when heart rate decreased to approximately 60% of the peak heart rate recorded after the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test.
High-intensity interval running performed at 95% of each participant's individual VIFT. The protocol consisted of 2 sets of 30 repetitions, for a total of 60 running bouts. Each work interval lasted 10 seconds and was followed by 20 seconds of passive recovery. Total active running time was 10 minutes. Inter-set recovery was individualized and the second set began when heart rate decreased to approximately 60% of the peak heart rate recorded after the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test.
Perceived Lower-Extremity Muscle Soreness Score
Perceived lower-extremity muscle soreness was assessed using a 0-10 visual analogue scale (VAS), where 0 indicated no soreness and 10 indicated extreme soreness. The unit of measure was the VAS score (0-10). Assessments were performed at each specified time point following both HIIT sessions. This outcome is designated as the primary outcome for registry purposes in this retrospective registration; no single primary outcome was pre-specified in the original study protocol.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Serum Creatine Kinase Concentration
Serum creatine kinase (CK) concentration was measured as an indirect circulating marker associated with exercise-induced muscle damage. The unit of measure was U/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase Concentration
Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration was measured as an indirect circulating marker associated with exercise-related tissue and muscle stress. The unit of measure was U/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Serum Alanine Aminotransferase Concentration
Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentration was measured as a non-specific circulating aminotransferase associated with exercise-related tissue stress. The unit of measure was U/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Serum Aspartate Aminotransferase Concentration
Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentration was measured as a non-specific circulating aminotransferase associated with exercise-related tissue stress. The unit of measure was U/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Serum C-Reactive Protein Concentration
Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration was measured as an inflammatory biomarker. The unit of measure was mg/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Serum Creatine Kinase-MB Concentration
Serum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) concentration was measured as an exploratory, non-specific index of exercise-related tissue stress. The unit of measure was ng/mL.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Serum Heart-Type Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Concentration
Serum heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) concentration was measured as an exploratory, non-specific index of exercise-related tissue stress. The unit of measure was ng/mL.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Countermovement Jump Height
Countermovement jump (CMJ) height was assessed as an indicator of lower-body neuromuscular performance and recovery. The unit of measure was cm.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Countermovement Jump Power
Countermovement jump (CMJ) power was assessed as an indicator of lower-body neuromuscular performance and recovery. The unit of measure was kW.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Countermovement Jump Mean Velocity
Countermovement jump (CMJ) mean velocity was assessed as an indicator of lower-body neuromuscular performance and recovery. The unit of measure was m/s.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Countermovement Jump Flight Time
Countermovement jump (CMJ) flight time was assessed as an indicator of lower-body neuromuscular performance and recovery. The unit of measure was ms.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Valine Concentration
Whole-blood valine concentration was quantified using targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) from capillary blood collected by volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS). The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Phenylalanine Concentration
Whole-blood phenylalanine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Tyrosine Concentration
Whole-blood tyrosine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Tryptophan Concentration
Whole-blood tryptophan concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Alanine Concentration
Whole-blood alanine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Beta-Alanine Concentration
Whole-blood beta-alanine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood 2-Aminobutyric Acid Concentration
Whole-blood 2-aminobutyric acid concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Concentration
Whole-blood gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Anserine Concentration
Whole-blood anserine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Arginine Concentration
Whole-blood arginine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Asparagine Concentration
Whole-blood asparagine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Aspartic Acid Concentration
Whole-blood aspartic acid concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Carnosine Concentration
Whole-blood carnosine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Citrulline Concentration
Whole-blood citrulline concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Cystathionine Concentration
Whole-blood cystathionine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Ethanolamine Concentration
Whole-blood ethanolamine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Glutamic Acid Concentration
Whole-blood glutamic acid concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Glutamine Concentration
Whole-blood glutamine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Glycine Concentration
Whole-blood glycine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Histidine Concentration
Whole-blood histidine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Homocitrulline Concentration
Whole-blood homocitrulline concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Homocystine Concentration
Whole-blood homocystine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood 5-Hydroxylysine Concentration
Whole-blood 5-hydroxylysine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood trans-4-Hydroxyproline Concentration
Whole-blood trans-4-hydroxyproline concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Isoleucine Concentration
Whole-blood isoleucine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Leucine Concentration
Whole-blood leucine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Lysine Concentration
Whole-blood lysine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Methionine Concentration
Whole-blood methionine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood 1-Methylhistidine Concentration
Whole-blood 1-methylhistidine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood 3-Methylhistidine Concentration
Whole-blood 3-methylhistidine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Ornithine Concentration
Whole-blood ornithine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood O-Phosphoethanolamine Concentration
Whole-blood O-phosphoethanolamine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood O-Phosphoserine Concentration
Whole-blood O-phosphoserine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Proline Concentration
Whole-blood proline concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Serine Concentration
Whole-blood serine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Taurine Concentration
Whole-blood taurine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Whole-Blood Threonine Concentration
Whole-blood threonine concentration was quantified using targeted LC-MS/MS from capillary blood collected by VAMS. The unit of measure was µmol/L.
Time frame: Pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each HIIT session
Plan to share: Yes — Anonymized individual participant data supporting the findings of this study are publicly available in Zenodo.
Time frame: Available upon publication and indefinitely thereafter
Access criteria: Publicly available without restriction through the Zenodo repository.
Data sharing details ↗ · doi.org
Ran from May 2024 to primary completion in Jun 2024, 1 month.
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