An interventional study of BOSU training with high-tempo music and projected competition video and BOSU training with low-tempo music in Athletic Performance, Attention and Exercise, sponsored by Inonu University. Completed at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Open to participants aged 16 Years to 20 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-10-26.
Sponsored by Inonu University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Basic science
This nonrandomized three-group study described changes in taekwondo-specific electronic impact scores, selective attention and repeated-sprint performance over eight weeks of supplementary BOSU ball balance and proprioception training delivered under three different audiovisual conditions. Athletes were recruited from three taekwondo clubs in Malatya, Turkiye, and each club trained under one condition: high-tempo music (140-160 beats per minute) combined with projected elite competition footage (MV), low-tempo music alone (110-130 beats per minute; LTM), or no music and no video (CON). All three groups completed the same BOSU programme, three sessions per week for eight weeks (24 planned sessions of 40-45 minutes), in addition to their usual taekwondo training. Assessments were conducted at week 1, week 4 and week 8. Because allocation was not randomized and each condition was delivered predominantly within one club, audiovisual condition is confounded with club and the analyses are exploratory and descriptive rather than causal.
Design. Participants were athletes of three existing taekwondo clubs. Allocation was not randomized and not concealed; each audiovisual condition was delivered predominantly within one club. Audiovisual condition is therefore confounded with club, coaching context and concurrent training, and the design does not permit the effect of music tempo to be separated from the effect of projected video. Analyses are exploratory and descriptive; between-condition models are reported as sensitivity analyses rather than causal treatment effects.
Intervention. All conditions performed an identical eight-week BOSU ball programme (three sessions per week, 24 planned sessions, 40-45 minutes per session) comprising single-leg stance, squats, lunges and taekwondo kick simulations performed on the BOSU ball, supervised by the same coach and delivered as a supplement to, not a replacement for, regular club training. Music was delivered through a loudspeaker; sound pressure level was not measured and track tempo was taken from streaming-platform metadata rather than independently verified. In the MV condition, edited recordings of elite competitions were projected in time with the music; the footage was not individualized and was not contingent on the participant's own movement, and is therefore described as projected action-observation video rather than visual performance feedback.
Primary measurement. Taekwondo-specific impact was recorded with a Daedo GEN2 electronic protector and scoring system (trunk protector EPRO 2980, TK-Strike transmitter EPRO 29801-U-0, software EPRO 29807-U-0) worn by a single live target athlete who was the same person at all three assessment points. The hit-level threshold was configured once and was not altered between athletes or sessions. The displayed output is a proprietary electronic impact score on a scale with an observed upper display bound of 60 units; it reflects impact intensity, targeting accuracy and technical quality of contact combined, and is not a calibrated mechanical force. Three trials were performed per technique and leg with 15 s between trials and 60 s between technique sets; the lowest and highest of the three trials were recorded, giving a minimum and a maximum score per technique and leg (12 endpoints). Athlete-to-target distance was set individually according to leg length. A 15-minute sport-specific warm-up preceded testing; no separate familiarization session was conducted.
Registration timing. This study was not prospectively registered. The record was created after data collection and analysis were complete, and no primary endpoint or statistical hypothesis was specified in a registry before the study began. All outcome measures listed here were defined after data collection and are reported as analysed.
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Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Athletes of one taekwondo club completed the eight-week supplementary BOSU ball programme while high-tempo music (nominally 140-160 beats per minute) was played through a loudspeaker and edited recordings of elite taekwondo competitions were projected in time with the music timeline. The video was not individualized and was not contingent on the participant's own movement. Delivered in addition to usual club training.
Behavioral: BOSU training with high-tempo music and projected competition video
Athletes of one taekwondo club completed the same eight-week supplementary BOSU ball programme while low-tempo music (nominally 110-130 beats per minute) was played through a loudspeaker. No video was projected. Delivered in addition to usual club training.
Behavioral: BOSU training with low-tempo music
Athletes of one taekwondo club completed the same eight-week supplementary BOSU ball programme with neither music nor projected video. Delivered in addition to usual club training.
Behavioral: BOSU training without audiovisual stimulation
Eight-week BOSU ball balance and proprioception programme: three sessions per week, 24 planned sessions, 40-45 minutes per session, comprising single-leg stance, squats, lunges and taekwondo kick simulations performed on the BOSU ball, supervised by the same coach. During each session high-tempo music (nominally 140-160 beats per minute) was played through a loudspeaker and edited recordings of elite taekwondo competitions were projected in time with the music timeline. Sound pressure level was not measured; track tempo was taken from streaming-platform metadata. The video was not individualized and not contingent on the participant's movement. Delivered in addition to, not in place of, usual club training.
The same eight-week BOSU ball balance and proprioception programme (three sessions per week, 24 planned sessions, 40-45 minutes per session), performed while low-tempo music (nominally 110-130 beats per minute) was played through a loudspeaker. No video was projected. Sound pressure level was not measured; track tempo was taken from streaming-platform metadata. Delivered in addition to, not in place of, usual club training.
The same eight-week BOSU ball balance and proprioception programme (three sessions per week, 24 planned sessions, 40-45 minutes per session), performed with neither music nor projected video. Delivered in addition to, not in place of, usual club training.
Taekwondo-specific electronic impact score: Baldeung Chagi (roundhouse kick)
Proprietary electronic impact score registered by a Daedo GEN2 electronic trunk protector worn by a live target athlete, in arbitrary device units with an observed upper display bound of 60. Four endpoints are recorded for this technique: the minimum and the maximum of three trials, for the right leg and for the left leg. Higher values indicate a higher registered impact. The score reflects impact intensity, targeting accuracy and technical quality of contact combined and is not a calibrated mechanical force.
Time frame: Week 1, week 4 and week 8
Taekwondo-specific electronic impact score: Yop Chagi (side kick)
Proprietary electronic impact score registered by a Daedo GEN2 electronic trunk protector worn by a live target athlete, in arbitrary device units with an observed upper display bound of 60. Four endpoints are recorded for this technique: the minimum and the maximum of three trials, for the right leg and for the left leg. Higher values indicate a higher registered impact. The score reflects impact intensity, targeting accuracy and technical quality of contact combined and is not a calibrated mechanical force.
Time frame: Week 1, week 4 and week 8
Taekwondo-specific electronic impact score: Dwi Chagi (back kick)
Proprietary electronic impact score registered by a Daedo GEN2 electronic trunk protector worn by a live target athlete, in arbitrary device units with an observed upper display bound of 60. Four endpoints are recorded for this technique: the minimum and the maximum of three trials, for the right leg and for the left leg. Higher values indicate a higher registered impact. The score reflects impact intensity, targeting accuracy and technical quality of contact combined and is not a calibrated mechanical force.
Time frame: Week 1, week 4 and week 8
Selective attention: d2 Test of Attention concentration performance (CP)
Paper-and-pencil d2 Test of Attention (14 rows, 20 seconds per row). Concentration performance equals the number of correctly marked target characters minus commission errors; higher scores indicate better selective attention. Other d2 indices were not retained in the dataset.
Time frame: Week 1, week 4 and week 8
Anaerobic performance: Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST)
Six maximal 35 m sprints separated by 10 seconds of recovery, electronically timed. Derived variables: peak power (W), average power (W), minimum power (W), fatigue index (W/s) and relative peak power (W/kg). Higher power values and a lower fatigue index indicate better anaerobic performance.
Time frame: Week 1, week 4 and week 8
Plan to share: No — No formal plan for sharing de-identified individual participant data has been established. The de-identified dataset underlying the analyses is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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