An observational study in Type 2 Diabetes, sponsored by Abant Izzet Baysal University. Not yet recruiting at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Open to participants aged 18 Years and older. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-10-22.
Sponsored by Abant Izzet Baysal University · Observational
This study aims to examine the relationships between digital health literacy, diabetes distress, diabetes self-management, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The relationships between these variables will also be evaluated after controlling for relevant sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. The findings may contribute to a better understanding of factors associated with diabetes management and inform future nursing education and counseling interventions.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires ongoing self-management to maintain glycemic control and reduce the risk of complications. Diabetes distress may make daily disease management more challenging, while digital health literacy may help individuals access, understand, and evaluate online health information relevant to their condition. This study aims to examine the relationships between digital health literacy, diabetes distress, diabetes self-management, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in individuals with T2DM. It will also evaluate these relationships after controlling for relevant sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. The findings may improve understanding of the relationships between digital health literacy, psychological distress, self-management behaviors, and glycemic control. They may also provide evidence to inform future individualized nursing education and counseling interventions for individuals with T2DM.
9,589 studies on the registry are indexed under Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; 1,332 are open to participants now.
This study's planned enrollment of 348 is above the median of 300 across 1,622 observational studies indexed under Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2.
Browse Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 studies →Abant Izzet Baysal University is the lead sponsor of 247 studies on the registry; 64 are open to participants now.
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The study population comprises adult patients (aged 18 years and older) clinically diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus for at least 6 months, receiving outpatient care at internal medicine and endocrinology clinics of hospitals in Bolu, Turkey. Eligible participants include individuals who voluntarily provide informed consent, possess sufficient literacy and communication capabilities to complete the study questionnaires, and have recorded HbA1c levels available from the past 3 months in their medical records. Data are collected from a non-probability convenience sample during routine follow-up visits.
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Exclusion Criteria:
Adult patients diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus who meet the study inclusion criteria. Digital health literacy, diabetes distress, diabetes self-management, and HbA1c levels will be assessed in this cohort.
Digital Health Literacy Instrument (DHLI)
Digital health literacy will be assessed using the Digital Health Literacy Instrument (DHLI). The instrument measures participants' ability to access, understand, evaluate, and use health-related information obtained through digital technologies. The DHLI score will be calculated according to the scoring guidelines of the version used in the study. Higher scores indicate higher digital health literacy, according to the instrument's scoring method.
Time frame: At study enrollment.
Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ)
Diabetes self-management will be assessed using the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ). The questionnaire evaluates diabetes-related self-management behaviors. Scores will be calculated according to the instrument's scoring guidelines, with higher scores indicating more effective diabetes self-management, as defined by the instrument.
Time frame: At study enrollment.
Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS)
Diabetes-related distress will be assessed using the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS). The scale measures emotional distress associated with living with and managing diabetes. Scores will be calculated according to the instrument's scoring guidelines, with higher scores indicating greater diabetes distress.
Time frame: At study enrollment.
HbA1c Levels
Glycemic control will be assessed using glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, expressed as a percentage (%). HbA1c reflects average blood glucose levels over approximately the preceding 2-3 months and is an important clinical indicator for evaluating long-term glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. HbA1c values will be examined in relation to digital health literacy, diabetes distress, and diabetes self-management. The analysis will also consider relevant sociodemographic and clinical variables to assess whether digital health literacy is associated with HbA1c levels independently of these factors. Higher HbA1c levels generally indicate poorer glycemic control.
Time frame: At study enrollment.
Plan to share: No
No publications or documents are linked to this record.
From the registry record's own update history. This site started tracking changes on Sep 25, 2026; for anything earlier, see the record history on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
This study is not yet recruiting, as verified in Oct 2026. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.
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Abant Izzet Baysal University →