An interventional study of Intervention 1 - Experimental Intervention and Intervention 2 - Control Intervention in Nursing Education Research, Nursing Education and Nursing Students, sponsored by Giresun University. Not yet recruiting at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Open to participants aged 18 Years and older, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-10-23.
Sponsored by Giresun University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Other
Objective: This study aims to investigate the effects of head-mounted display (HMD)-based interactive virtual reality simulation, an innovative educational technology in nursing education, on nursing students' skill performance, anxiety levels, satisfaction, and self-confidence during ice pack application.
Methods: This study is designed as a randomized controlled trial. The study population will consist of undergraduate nursing students enrolled at a public university in northeastern Türkiye during the 2026-2027 academic year. Based on a statistical power analysis, a total of 90 nursing students will be recruited and randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n = 45) or the control group (n = 45). Students in the experimental group will perform ice pack application using an HMD-based interactive virtual reality simulation, whereas students in the control group will perform the same procedure using a low-fidelity training mannequin. Data will be collected using the Student Information Form, Ice Pack Application Skills Checklist, Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence in Learning Scale (SCLS), and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Statistical analyses will be performed using SPSS version 25.0. Ethical approval (15.04.2026/07) institutional permission have been obtained. Both verbal and written informed consent will be obtained from all participants before their inclusion in the study.
This study is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of head-mounted display (HMD)-based interactive virtual reality (VR) simulation in teaching ice pack application skills to undergraduate nursing students. The study aims to investigate whether immersive VR-based training provides educational benefits compared with conventional mannequin-based practical training.
The study will employ a prospective, two-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled design. Participants will be randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to either an HMD-based interactive VR simulation group or a conventional low-fidelity mannequin-based training group.
All participants will receive standardized theoretical instruction and an instructor-led demonstration of ice pack application before practical training. Students in the experimental group will individually practice the procedure using an interactive HMD-based VR simulation, which provides a virtual patient environment and allows active participation through hand-tracking technology. Students in the control group will practice the same procedure using a low-fidelity mannequin under standardized laboratory conditions. Both groups will receive equivalent practical training durations.
Following the educational interventions, participants in both groups will undergo a standardized practical skill assessment using the same mannequin-based evaluation procedure. The study will also examine students' anxiety, learning satisfaction, and self-confidence in relation to the educational approaches.
By comparing immersive VR simulation with conventional mannequin-based training, this study seeks to provide evidence regarding the educational value of interactive VR technologies in undergraduate nursing skills education.
Giresun University is the lead sponsor of 57 studies on the registry; 6 are open to participants now.
Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.
Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.
Exclusion Criteria:
Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
Informed consent
Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Participants assigned to the experimental group (n=45) will receive practical training in ice pack application using an HMD-based interactive virtual reality simulation. Following standardized theoretical education and demonstration, each participant will complete a 10-minute individual VR simulation session. The system enables interaction with a virtual patient, real-time hand movement recognition, step-by-step procedural guidance, and immediate feedback. Following the intervention, skill performance will be assessed using a standardized low-fidelity training mannequin.
Other: Intervention 1 - Experimental Intervention
Participants assigned to the control group (n=45) will receive conventional practical training in ice pack application using a low-fidelity training mannequin. Following the same standardized theoretical education and demonstration provided to the experimental group, each participant will complete a 10-minute individual practical training session. Following the intervention, skill performance will be assessed using the same standardized low-fidelity training mannequin and assessment criteria used for the experimental group.
Other: Intervention 2 - Control Intervention
An interactive educational intervention delivered through a head-mounted display-based virtual reality simulation designed to teach ice pack application skills. Participants will perform the procedure individually for 10 minutes in an immersive virtual environment. The system provides real-time hand movement tracking, interactive procedural guidance, and immediate feedback during the simulation.
A conventional simulation-based educational intervention using a low-fidelity training mannequin to teach ice pack application skills. Participants will independently perform the procedure on the mannequin for 10 minutes, following the same standardized procedural steps taught to the experimental group.
Ice Pack Application Skill Performance Score
Nursing students' ice pack application skills will be assessed using the 45-item Ice Pack Application Skills Checklist developed by the researchers based on the relevant nursing literature and reviewed by three experts in Fundamentals of Nursing. Each correctly performed procedural step will be scored as 1, while incorrectly performed or omitted steps will be scored as 0. Total scores range from 0 to 45, with higher scores indicating better skill performance. Participants in both groups will be evaluated using the same low-fidelity training mannequin under standardized laboratory conditions following the educational intervention.
Time frame: Immediately after the intervention, during the standardized skill performance assessment.
Plan to share: No — Individual participant data (IPD) will not be publicly shared to protect participant confidentiality and privacy. The data will be used exclusively by the research team for the purposes of the present study, in accordance with the approved research protocol and ethical requirements.
No publications or documents are linked to this record.
Start is estimated for Nov 2026; primary completion for Dec 2026, 1 month later.
How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.
From the registry record's own update history. This site started tracking changes on Sep 25, 2026; for anything earlier, see the record history on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
This study is not yet recruiting, as verified in Oct 2026. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.
Get an email when the registry record changes — status, dates, results — or when someone posts here.
Sign in to followQuestions and observations about this study, from anyone following it. Not medical advice, and not a channel to the study team — their contact details are on the registry record.
Sign in to join the discussion. Reading takes no account; posting does. You choose a display name, and a pseudonym is the default.
Nothing here yet. If you are running this trial, taking part in it, or weighing whether to, this is the place to say so.
Giresun University