ClinicalTrials.gg
Not yet recruitingNCT07769021ON TRACHUpdated Aug 17, 2026

Tracheostomy Practice in Adult Intensive Care Units

An observational study in Tracheostomy Patients, Tracheostomy Decannulation and Intensive Care (ICU), sponsored by Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland. Not yet recruiting at 13 sites in 8 countries. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-08-17.

Sponsored by Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland · Observational

Study type
Observational
Model
Cohort
Time perspective
Prospective
Enrollment
2,500
Ages
18 Years and older
Sex
All
01

Study summary

ON TRACH is an international, multicentre, observational study with the aim of characterising the timing and practice of tracheostomy insertion, management, weaning and longer-term outcomes of these patients, in intensive care units internationally. Participating intensive care units (ICU) will recruit all consecutive patients undergoing tracheostomy insertion over a 12 week period, aiming for broad global representation. This will allow identification of variation in care of patients with a tracheostomy in the intensive care and it's origin, to drive improvement and enhance safety and outcomes for patients with a tracheostomy in the future.

Read the detailed description

Care of the patient with a tracheostomy is a core element of critical care practice. Around 20% of patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) undergo tracheostomy insertion during their stay, typically in the context of prolonged mechanical ventilation and complex rehabilitation needs. Despite its frequent use and ongoing quality improvement initiatives, considerable variation in practice continues to exist and many questions with regards to tracheostomy timing, insertion, management and longer-term outcomes remain.

Variation exists not only because of patient characteristics, but also from an organisational perspective with diversity in hospital settings, system demands and governance structures. These inconsistencies lead to deficiencies in care and avoidable harm, increased morbidity and mortality.

This is an international multicentre prospective observational study to comprehensively characterise current tracheostomy practice. The study aims to describe the indications, timing, techniques, and management of tracheostomy insertion and care; to evaluate patient-centred outcomes and procedure-related adverse events; and to explore the organisational structures and models of care supporting tracheostomised patients in the ICU and beyond. This will allow us to identify variation in care, it's origin, drive improvement and enhance safety and outcomes for patients with a tracheostomy in the future.

02

Conditions studied

  • Tracheostomy Patients
  • Tracheostomy Decannulation
  • Intensive Care (ICU)

Keywords

  • tracheostomy
  • decannulation
  • intensive care
  • prolonged mechanical ventilation
  • tracheostomy weaning
  • tracheostomy outcomes
03

In context

Lead sponsor

Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland is the lead sponsor of 93 studies on the registry; 44 are open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years and older
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No
Sampling method
Non-probability sample

Study population

All patients aged 18 years and older admitted in the intensive care unit after commencement of the enrolment period, and that are in receipt of invasive ventilator support, will be screened daily until ICU discharge or death. Those that undergo tracheostomy insertion during critical care admission will be included in the study.

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Greater than 18 years of age
  • Tracheostomy insertion during critical care admission

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Tracheostomy prior to critical care admission
  • Elective tracheostomy insertion for head and neck pathology
  • Tracheostomy insertion for emergency surgical management of airway obstruction
  • Mini tracheostomy insertion only
05

Study design

Observational model
Cohort
Time perspective
Prospective
Enrollment
2,500 participants (estimated)
Patient registry
No

Groups and cohorts

  • Critical care patients with a tracheostomy

    Participants will include patients 18 years and older, admitted to the intensive care, who undergo tracheostomy insertion as part of their critical care admission.

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Successful tracheostomy decannulation

    The proportion of patients successfully decannulated from tracheostomy, censored at hospital discharge or 90 days, whichever comes first.

    Time frame: 90 days

Secondary outcomes

  1. Time to decannulation

    Time to successful decannulation censored at hospital discharge or 90 days, whichever comes first.

    Time frame: 90 days

  2. Mortality

    Time frame: 90 days

  3. Hospital utilization metrics

    Duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital length of stay

    Time frame: 90 days

  4. Return to vocalisation

    Measured by time in days to placement of a speaking valve

    Time frame: 90 days

  5. Return to oral intake

    Measured using the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) which ranges from level 1 to 7, where level 1 is no oral intake and level 7 is full oral intake with no restrictions.

    Time frame: 90 days

  6. Return to mobilisation

    Measured using the Intensive Care Mobility Scale which ranges from 1 to 10 with 10 indicating a greater degree of mobility.

    Time frame: 90 days

  7. Health related quality of life

    Quality of life measured using the EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) with a lower score indicating a better quality of life.

    Time frame: 3, 6 and 12 months

07

Study locations

13 sites
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Abe T, Madotto F, Pham T, Nagata I, Uchida M, Tamiya N, Kurahashi K, Bellani G, Laffey JG; LUNG-SAFE Investigators and the ESICM Trials Group. Epidemiology and patterns of tracheostomy practice in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in ICUs across 50 countries. Crit Care. 2018 Aug 17;22(1):195. doi: 10.1186/s13054-018-2126-6. PubMed 30115127 ↗
  • Premraj L, Camarda C, White N, Godoy DA, Cuthbertson BH, Rocco PRM, Pelosi P, Robba C, Suarez JI, Cho SM, Battaglini D. Tracheostomy timing and outcome in critically ill patients with stroke: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Crit Care. 2023 Apr 1;27(1):132. doi: 10.1186/s13054-023-04417-6. PubMed 37005666 ↗
  • Selekwa M, Maina I, Yeh T, Nkya A, Ncogoza I, Nuss RC, Mushi BP, Haddadi S, Van Loon K, Mbaga E, Massawe W, Roberson DW, Dharsee N, Musimu B, Xu MJ. Tracheostomy care quality improvement in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2023 Nov 9;3(11):e0002294. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002294. eCollection 2023. PubMed 37943736 ↗
  • Vargas M, Sutherasan Y, Antonelli M, Brunetti I, Corcione A, Laffey JG, Putensen C, Servillo G, Pelosi P. Tracheostomy procedures in the intensive care unit: an international survey. Crit Care. 2015 Aug 13;19(1):291. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-1013-7. PubMed 26271742 ↗
  • Merola R, Vargas M, Sanfilippo F, Vergano M, Mistraletti G, Vetrugno L, De Pascale G, Bignami EG, Servillo G, Battaglini D. Tracheostomy Practice in the Italian Intensive Care Units: A Point-Prevalence Survey. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025 Jan 7;61(1):87. doi: 10.3390/medicina61010087. PubMed 39859070 ↗
  • Polok K, Fronczek J, van Heerden PV, Flaatten H, Guidet B, De Lange DW, Fjolner J, Leaver S, Beil M, Sviri S, Bruno RR, Wernly B, Artigas A, Pinto BB, Schefold JC, Studzinska D, Joannidis M, Oeyen S, Marsh B, Andersen FH, Moreno R, Cecconi M, Jung C, Szczeklik W; COVIP study group. Association between tracheostomy timing and outcomes for older critically ill COVID-19 patients: prospective observational study in European intensive care units. Br J Anaesth. 2022 Mar;128(3):482-490. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.11.027. Epub 2021 Nov 29. PubMed 34955167 ↗
  • Zaga CJ, Milliren CE, McGrath BA, Yang CJ, Schiff BA, Warrillow SJ, Henningfeld JK, Gregson PA, Bedwell JR, Beaudet KM, Brenner MJ, Pandian V. Predictors of Decannulation Success in Tracheostomy: A 10-Year Analysis of the Global Tracheostomy Collaborative Database. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2025 Nov;173(5):1138-1148. doi: 10.1002/ohn.70013. Epub 2025 Sep 2. PubMed 40891658 ↗
  • Carton E, Fitzgerald E, Elebert R, Malone C, O'Brien S, Dunne A, Ni Muircheartaigh R, Phelan D. Changes in Multidisciplinary Tracheostomy Team Practice Over Time. Ir Med J. 2021 Sep 20;114(8):433. PubMed 35863078 ↗
  • Mikhaeil M, Bernard M, Currie J, Bolduc C, Radke J, Kranjc S, Meyer J. Improving weaning and liberation from mechanical ventilation for tracheostomy patients: a quality improvement initiative. BMJ Qual Saf. 2025 Jun 19;34(7):480-488. doi: 10.1136/bmjqs-2024-018324. PubMed 40318863 ↗
  • McGrath BA, Wallace S, Lynch J, Bonvento B, Coe B, Owen A, Firn M, Brenner MJ, Edwards E, Finch TL, Cameron T, Narula A, Roberson DW. Improving tracheostomy care in the United Kingdom: results of a guided quality improvement programme in 20 diverse hospitals. Br J Anaesth. 2020 Jul;125(1):e119-e129. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.04.064. Epub 2020 May 31. PubMed 32493580 ↗
  • Brenner MJ, Davies EA, McGrath BA. Reducing variation in tracheostomy care can improve outcomes. Br J Anaesth. 2022 Apr;128(4):e282-e284. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.01.008. Epub 2022 Feb 8. No abstract available. PubMed 35144800 ↗
  • Brenner MJ, Pandian V, Milliren CE, Graham DA, Zaga C, Morris LL, Bedwell JR, Das P, Zhu H, Lee Y Allen J, Peltz A, Chin K, Schiff BA, Randall DM, Swords C, French D, Ward E, Sweeney JM, Warrillow SJ, Arora A, Narula A, McGrath BA, Cameron TS, Roberson DW. Global Tracheostomy Collaborative: data-driven improvements in patient safety through multidisciplinary teamwork, standardisation, education, and patient partnership. Br J Anaesth. 2020 Jul;125(1):e104-e118. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.04.054. Epub 2020 May 23. PubMed 32456776 ↗
  • Gentile MN, Irvine AD, King AM, Hembrom AS, Guruswamy KS, Palivela NE, Langton-Frost N, McElroy CR, Pandian V. Enhancing Communication in Critically Ill Patients with a Tracheostomy: A Systematic Review of Evidence-Based Interventions and Outcomes. Tracheostomy. 2024;1(1):26-41. doi: 10.62905/001c.115440. Epub 2024 Mar 31. PubMed 39253605 ↗
  • Damuth E, Mitchell JA, Bartock JL, Roberts BW, Trzeciak S. Long-term survival of critically ill patients treated with prolonged mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2015 Jul;3(7):544-53. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00150-2. Epub 2015 May 20. PubMed 26003390 ↗
  • Dempsey GA, Morton B, Hammell C, Williams LT, Tudur Smith C, Jones T. Long-Term Outcome Following Tracheostomy in Critical Care: A Systematic Review. Crit Care Med. 2016 Mar;44(3):617-28. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001382. PubMed 26584197 ↗
  • Vargas M, Battaglini D, Antonelli M, Corso R, Frova G, Merli G, Petrini F, Ranieri MV, Sorbello M, Di Giacinto I, Terragni P, Brunetti I, Servillo G, Pelosi P. Follow-up short and long-term mortalities of tracheostomized critically ill patients in an Italian multi-center observational study. Sci Rep. 2024 Jan 28;14(1):2319. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-52785-y. PubMed 38281994 ↗
  • Mc Mahon A, Griffin S, Gorman E, Lennon A, Kielthy S, Flannery A, Cherian BS, Josy M, Marsh B. Patient-Centred Outcomes Following Tracheostomy in Critical Care. J Intensive Care Med. 2023 Aug;38(8):727-736. doi: 10.1177/08850666231160669. Epub 2023 Mar 7. PubMed 36883211 ↗
  • Villemure-Poliquin N, Lessard Bonaventure P, Costerousse O, Rouleau-Bonenfant T, Zarychanski R, Lauzier F, Audet N, Moore L, Gagnon MA, Turgeon AF. Impact of Early Tracheostomy Versus Late or No Tracheostomy in Nonneurologically Injured Adult Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Care Med. 2023 Feb 1;51(2):310-318. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005699. Epub 2022 Dec 7. PubMed 36661455 ↗
  • Sutt AL, Tronstad O, Barnett AG, Kitchenman S, Fraser JF. Earlier tracheostomy is associated with an earlier return to walking, talking, and eating. Aust Crit Care. 2020 May;33(3):213-218. doi: 10.1016/j.aucc.2020.02.006. Epub 2020 Apr 13. PubMed 32299649 ↗
  • Quinn L, Veenith T, Bion J, Hemming K, Whitehouse T, Lilford R. Bayesian analysis of a systematic review of early versus late tracheostomy in ICU patients. Br J Anaesth. 2022 Nov;129(5):693-702. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.08.012. Epub 2022 Sep 24. PubMed 36163077 ↗
  • Deng H, Fang Q, Chen K, Zhang X. Early versus late tracheotomy in ICU patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021 Jan 22;100(3):e24329. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000024329. PubMed 33546065 ↗
  • Cinotti R, Voicu S, Jaber S, Chousterman B, Paugam-Burtz C, Oueslati H, Damoisel C, Caillard A, Roquilly A, Feuillet F, Mebazaa A, Gayat E; FROG-ICU investigators. Tracheostomy and long-term mortality in ICU patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation. PLoS One. 2019 Oct 2;14(10):e0220399. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220399. eCollection 2019. PubMed 31577804 ↗
  • Arabi Y, Haddad S, Shirawi N, Al Shimemeri A. Early tracheostomy in intensive care trauma patients improves resource utilization: a cohort study and literature review. Crit Care. 2004 Oct;8(5):R347-52. doi: 10.1186/cc2924. Epub 2004 Aug 23. PubMed 15469579 ↗
  • Chorath K, Hoang A, Rajasekaran K, Moreira A. Association of Early vs Late Tracheostomy Placement With Pneumonia and Ventilator Days in Critically Ill Patients: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021 May 1;147(5):450-459. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2021.0025. PubMed 33704354 ↗
  • Siempos II, Ntaidou TK, Filippidis FT, Choi AMK. Effect of early versus late or no tracheostomy on mortality and pneumonia of critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2015 Feb;3(2):150-158. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00007-7. PubMed 25680911 ↗
  • Merola R, Iacovazzo C, Troise S, Marra A, Formichella A, Servillo G, Vargas M. Timing of Tracheostomy in ICU Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Life (Basel). 2024 Sep 14;14(9):1165. doi: 10.3390/life14091165. PubMed 39337948 ↗
  • Cagino LM, Kercheval JB, Kenes MT, McSparron JI, Blank R, Chinn SB, Claar DD, Iwashyna TJ, De Cardenas J. Association of Tracheostomy with Changes in Sedation during COVID-19: A Quality Improvement Evaluation at the University of Michigan. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021 May;18(5):907-909. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202009-1096RL. No abstract available. PubMed 33233918 ↗
  • Lais G, Piquilloud L. Tracheostomy: update on why, when and how. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2025 Feb 1;31(1):101-107. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000001224. Epub 2024 Nov 25. PubMed 39588741 ↗
  • Diehl JL, El Atrous S, Touchard D, Lemaire F, Brochard L. Changes in the work of breathing induced by tracheotomy in ventilator-dependent patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Feb;159(2):383-8. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9707046. PubMed 9927347 ↗
  • Young D, Harrison DA, Cuthbertson BH, Rowan K; TracMan Collaborators. Effect of early vs late tracheostomy placement on survival in patients receiving mechanical ventilation: the TracMan randomized trial. JAMA. 2013 May 22;309(20):2121-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.5154. PubMed 23695482 ↗
  • Terragni PP, Antonelli M, Fumagalli R, Faggiano C, Berardino M, Pallavicini FB, Miletto A, Mangione S, Sinardi AU, Pastorelli M, Vivaldi N, Pasetto A, Della Rocca G, Urbino R, Filippini C, Pagano E, Evangelista A, Ciccone G, Mascia L, Ranieri VM. Early vs late tracheotomy for prevention of pneumonia in mechanically ventilated adult ICU patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010 Apr 21;303(15):1483-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.447. PubMed 20407057 ↗
  • Pham T, Heunks L, Bellani G, Madotto F, Aragao I, Beduneau G, Goligher EC, Grasselli G, Laake JH, Mancebo J, Penuelas O, Piquilloud L, Pesenti A, Wunsch H, van Haren F, Brochard L, Laffey JG; WEAN SAFE Investigators. Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2023 May;11(5):465-476. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00449-0. Epub 2023 Jan 21. PubMed 36693401 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: Undecided

09

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
ElapsedEstimatedEstimated, not yet reached

Start is estimated for Nov 2026; primary completion for Nov 2028, 24 months later.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
Jul 27, 2026
First posted
Aug 17, 2026
StartEst.
Nov 2, 2026
Primary completionEst.
Nov 2028
CompletionEst.
Mar 2029
Last update
Aug 17, 2026
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Aug 17, 2026, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT07769021
Lead sponsor
Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Aug 17, 2026
Start date
Nov 2, 2026 (estimated)
Primary completion
Nov 2028 (estimated)
Completion
Mar 2029 (estimated)
Last update
Aug 17, 2026

Study contacts

Aisling Mc Mahon, MB BCh BAO FCAI FJFICMI
Contact
aislingmcmahon@mater.ie
+35318032204
Michelle Smyth, BSc
Contact
michellesmyth@rcsi.ie

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Not currently enrolling

This study is not yet recruiting, as verified in Jul 2026. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

Follow this study

Get an email when the registry record changes — status, dates, results — or when someone posts here.

Sign in to follow

Discussion

Questions and observations about this study, from anyone following it. Not medical advice, and not a channel to the study team — their contact details are on the registry record.

Sign in to join the discussion. Reading takes no account; posting does. You choose a display name, and a pseudonym is the default.

Nothing here yet. If you are running this trial, taking part in it, or weighing whether to, this is the place to say so.

Start the discussion