ClinicalTrials.gg
RecruitingNCT07663214VarxEDUpdated Oct 13, 2026

The Combined Effects of Energy Density and Variety on Intake

An interventional study of Low Variety and High Variety in Eating Behaviors, sponsored by Cornell University. Recruiting at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 20 Years to 60 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-10-13.

Sponsored by Cornell University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Basic science

Updated Oct 13, 2026Now RecruitingSite recruiting status changed+1 moreGo to Updates ↓
Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
50
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
20 Years to 60 Years
Sex
All
01

Study summary

The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of the independent and combined effects of variety and energy density on food intake at a meal. Additionally, individual characteristics will be examined for their influence on the effects of variety and energy density on intake.

02

Conditions studied

  • Eating Behaviors

Browse trials for

03

In context

Feeding Behavior

985 studies on the registry are indexed under Feeding Behavior; 178 are open to participants now.

This study's planned enrollment of 50 is below the median of 77 across 700 interventional studies indexed under Feeding Behavior.

Browse Feeding Behavior studies →

Lead sponsor

Cornell University is the lead sponsor of 103 studies on the registry; 16 are open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
20 Years to 60 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Regularly consume 3 meals per day
  • Like, are willing to eat, and do not have allergies to the study foods
  • Are willing to refrain from drinking alcohol the day before study visits
  • Are willing to consume a consistent breakfast the day of study visits
  • Have a between 18.5-29.9 kg/m2

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Experienced a weight change >5 kg in the past month
  • Are a smoker
  • Are an athlete in training
  • Take medications or have a health condition known to affect appetite
  • Are pregnant or breastfeeding
  • Have ever been diagnosed with an eating disorder or depression
  • Specialize in the fields of psychology or nutritional sciences.
Terms in these criteria, in plain language(1)

Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.

BMI (body mass index)

Weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared. Example: 70 kg and 1.75 m gives 70 ÷ (1.75 × 1.75) ≈ 22.9.

What counts as overweight or obesity differs between countries (some use lower cut-offs), so go by the range the study states.

05

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Basic science
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Crossover assignment
Masking
Single (Participant)
Enrollment
50 participants (estimated)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Low variety, Low ED

    One low energy dense food served

    Other: Low Variety · Other: Low ED

  • Experimental
    Low variety, High ED

    One high energy dense foods served

    Other: Low Variety · Other: High ED

  • Experimental
    High variety, Low ED

    Three low energy dense foods served

    Other: High Variety · Other: Low ED

  • Experimental
    High variety, High ED

    Three high energy dense foods served

    Other: High Variety · Other: High ED

Interventions

  • OtherLow Variety

    Only one food served

  • OtherHigh Variety

    Three foods served

  • OtherLow ED

    Foods are low in energy density

  • OtherHigh ED

    Foods are high in energy density

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Change in food intake

    Weight (grams) of the food consumed

    Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

  2. Change in energy intake

    Energy (kcal) of the food consumed

    Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

Secondary outcomes

  1. Change in water intake

    Weight (grams) of water consumed

    Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

  2. Change in meal duration

    Duration of the meal in minutes

    Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

  3. Change in eating rate

    Mean food intake per minute (grams/minute), calculated by dividing meal food intake by meal duration

    Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

  4. Change in sip count

    The number of sips of water during the meal

    Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

  5. Change in bite count

    The number of bites of food during the meal

    Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

  6. Change in bite size

    Mean grams of food consumed per bite, calculated by dividing meal food intake by number of bites.

    Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

  7. Change in switching between bites and sips

    The number of switches between bites and sips during the meal

    Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

  8. Change in rating of liking of the taste of food samples

    Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all pleasant (0 mm) to extremely pleasant (100 mm). This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety

    Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

  9. Change in rating of desire to eat food samples

    Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all strong (0 mm) to extremely strong (100 mm), in answer to "How strong is your desire to eat \[this food\] right now?". This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety.

    Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

  10. Change in rating of thirst

    Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all thirsty (0 mm) to extremely thirsty (100 mm)

    Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

  11. Change in rating of hunger

    Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all hungry (0 mm) to extremely hungry (100 mm)

    Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

  12. Change in rating of nausea

    Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all nauseated (0 mm) to extremely nauseated (100 mm)

    Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

  13. Change in rating of fullness

    Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all full (0 mm) to extremely full (100 mm)

    Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

  14. Change in rating of prospective consumption

    Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from nothing at all (0 mm) to a large amount (100 mm), in answer to "How much food do you think you could eat right now?".

    Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

07

Study locations

1 of 1 sites recruiting
08

References and documents

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No

No publications or documents are linked to this record.

09

Updates

1 registry update since Sep 25, 2026
Status
Not yet recruiting→Recruiting
changed Oct 13, 2026
Sites
Cornell University is now Recruiting
Oct 13, 2026
Start date
Oct 1, 2026→Oct 12, 2026
Oct 13, 2026
Show all 1 update
  1. Oct 13, 2026
    Not yet recruiting→Recruiting
    Cornell University is now Recruiting
    Start date Oct 1, 2026→Oct 12, 2026
    + 2 other changes: verification date and description

From the registry record's own update history. This site started tracking changes on Sep 25, 2026; for anything earlier, see the record history on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT07663214
Lead sponsor
Cornell University
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Jun 23, 2026
Start date
Oct 12, 2026 (estimated)
Primary completion
Jul 1, 2027 (estimated)
Completion
Jul 31, 2027 (estimated)
Last update
Oct 13, 2026

Study contacts

Paige M Cunningham, PhD
Contact
pmc242@cornell.edu
607-255-2650
Paige M Cunningham, PhD
principal investigator · Cornell University

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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