ClinicalTrials.gg
Enrolling by invitationNCT07649616Updated Aug 19, 2026

Increasing Law Enforcement Application of Automated External Defibrillators (AED)s for Cardiac Arrest

An interventional study of AED training adjunct in Heart Arrest, Out-Of-Hospital and Defibrillators, sponsored by Wayne State University. Enrolling by invitation at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-08-19.

Sponsored by Wayne State University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Other

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Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
30
Allocation
Non-randomized
Ages
18 Years and older
Sex
All
01

Where this study stands

Counted across the records on this site · 2026-11-15

Among 37 studies in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest with a site in United States — 11 open to participants now, 15 under way, 1 of them phase 3. Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest · United States.

Planned enrollment
24th of 27
30 · median 340
Started
2026
with 5 others
No phase
17 of 37
6 open now
Primary completion
2027-12
later than 5 of 14 live
Registered
36th of 37
by date

Among the 37 studies in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest with a site in United States, this one is the 24th largest by planned enrollment of the 27 interventional ones that give a count, is one of 6 that started in 2026, is one of 17 with no phase, reaches primary completion later than 5 of the 14 other live ones, and was the 36th registered.

Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

314 studies on the registry are indexed under Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; 93 are open to participants now.

Browse Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest studies →

Open to participants now

11 of the 37 studies in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest with a site in United States are open now. Recruiting first, the newest first:

5 more — sign in →

All 11 open studies →

A study can be open while its sites in United States have not opened yet or have stopped. Only those recruiting at a site in United States →

Who these studies take

Of the 66 Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest studies recruiting now, 46 (70%) set no upper age limit and 13 (20%) stop at 75 or younger; 8 take children under 18; 7 take healthy volunteers.

This study: 18 Years and older · all sexes · no healthy volunteers.

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02

Study summary

The goal of this study is to learn if an automated external defibrillator (AED) training adjunct video can improve law enforcement self-efficacy, the likelihood of AED application overall, and decrease disparities in women.

Participants will be asked to:

  • complete a brief initial survey
  • view an AED training adjunct video
  • complete another survey following the video
Read the detailed description

The investigators will conduct a pilot study to examine the efficacy of an education intervention, based on new 2025 American Heart Association guidelines, to improve the likelihood of AED application. The intervention and surveys will be delivered asynchronously online. The investigators will use a short pre-intervention survey to gather information about participants' likelihood and self-efficacy to apply an AED overall and specifically to women. The investigators will also gather basic demographic information including gender, Basic Life Support certification status, and experience responding to cardiac arrests. Participants will then watch a short video, followed by a post-intervention survey to examine changes in likelihood and self-efficacy to apply an AED. All three components will be delivered within the same Qualtrics survey (i.e., pre-survey, video, post-survey).

03

Conditions studied

  • Heart Arrest, Out-Of-Hospital
  • Defibrillators
04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years and older
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Law enforcement officers from agencies in the greater Portland area served by the Portland Cardiac Arrest Epidemiologic Registry
  • aged 18 years of age and older

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • none
05

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Other
Allocation
Non-randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
None (open label)
Enrollment
30 participants (estimated)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    AED training adjunct

    Receive AED training intervention

    Behavioral: AED training adjunct

  • No intervention
    Control

    Counties that do not receive the additional training will serve as control counties. The investigators will prospectively evaluate using an existing observational registry used for quality improvement and research, the Portland Cardiac Arrest Epidemiologic Registry (PDX Epistry).

Interventions

  • BehavioralAED training adjunct

    Participants will complete a brief survey, then watch an AED training adjunct video, followed by a repeat survey. All components are delivered asynchronously online. The investigators will prospectively evaluate using an existing observational registry used for quality improvement and research, the Portland Cardiac Arrest Epidemiologic Registry (PDX Epistry).

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Change in Confidence to Attach Automated External Defibrillator (AED) Pads on a Woman

    The primary training outcome is, "I am confident I can always attach AED pads in the correct position on a woman". This question is a modified question from a validated tool to measure changes in self-efficacy, the Basic Resuscitation Skills Self-Efficacy Scale, which measures "can do" using 0-100.

    Time frame: Immediately following the AED training intervention

  2. Change in AED Application

    Our primary care outcome is, change in AED application by law enforcement among adult cases with law enforcement on-scene before Emergency Medical Services (EMS) arrival overall and stratified by gender relative to the same geographic region in the preceding 5-year period. The outcome will be measured using the Portland Cardiac Arrest Epidemiologic Registry (PDX Epistry), an existing observational registry used for quality improvement and research.

    Time frame: Prospectively over 18 months following AED training intervention

Secondary outcomes

  1. Change in AED Application by AED Training

    Change in AED application by law enforcement among adult cases with law enforcement on-scene before Emergency Medical Services (EMS) arrival overall and stratified by gender for counties that received the AED training adjunct versus control counties. The outcome will be measured using the PDX Epistry, an existing observational registry used for quality improvement and research.

    Time frame: Prospectively over 18 months following AED training intervention.

Other outcomes

  1. Modified Basic Resuscitation Skills Self-Efficacy Scale

    Measures "can do" using 0-100 for key skills. The investigators revised the scale based on the scope of study. In an emergency situation, I am confident I can always… (rate each on a scale of 0-100, with 100 being the most confident): 1. Assess the victim's level of consciousness within 5 seconds 2. Assess for breathing and differentiate between effective and agonal respirations in no more than 10 seconds 3. Perform CPR according to current guidelines 4. Provide effective chest compressions (correct hand placement, depth, recoil and speed) 5. Switch on the AED and start using it as soon as it is available without delay 6. Follow AED prompts in the right order 7a. Attach AED pads in the correct positions on a man 8\. Ensure nobody touches the victim while the rhythm is being analyzed 9\. Deliver a rapid and safe shock to the victim keeping visual check and giving verbal commands 10\. Resume, without hesitation, appropriate post-shock actions according to current guidelines

    Time frame: Immediately following AED training intervention

07

Study locations

1 site
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Oregon Health & Science University. PDX Epistry. https://www.ohsu.edu/school-ofmedicine/ emergency/pdx-epistry
  • Cardiac Arrset Registry to Enhance Survival. 2024 CARES Survival Report.; 2024. https://mycares.net/sitepages/uploads/2025/CARES%202024%20Non-Traumatic%20National%20Survival%20Report.pdf
  • Lupton JR, Johnson E, Prigmore B, Daya MR, Jui J, Thompson K, Nuttall J, Neth MR, Sahni R, Newgard CD. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes when law enforcement arrives before emergency medical services. Resuscitation. 2024 Jan;194:110044. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.110044. Epub 2023 Nov 11. PubMed 37952574 ↗
  • Fukushima H, Bolstad F. Telephone CPR: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Open Access Emerg Med. 2020 Sep 7;12:193-200. doi: 10.2147/OAEM.S259700. eCollection 2020. PubMed 32982493 ↗
  • Fukushima H, Panczyk M, Spaite DW, Chikani V, Dameff C, Hu C, Birkenes TS, Myklebust H, Sutter J, Langlais B, Wu Z, Bobrow BJ. Barriers to telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation in public and residential locations. Resuscitation. 2016 Dec;109:116-120. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.07.241. Epub 2016 Aug 10. PubMed 27521469 ↗
  • Dobbie F, Uny I, Eadie D, Duncan E, Stead M, Bauld L, Angus K, Hassled L, MacInnes L, Clegg G. Barriers to bystander CPR in deprived communities: Findings from a qualitative study. PLoS One. 2020 Jun 10;15(6):e0233675. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233675. eCollection 2020. PubMed 32520938 ↗
  • Missel AL, Dowker SR, Chiola M, Platt J, Tsutsui J, Kasten K, Swor R, Neumar RW, Hunt N, Herbert L, Sams W, Nallamothu BK, Shields T, Coulter-Thompson EI, Friedman CP. Barriers to the Initiation of Telecommunicator-CPR during 9-1-1 Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Calls: A Qualitative Study. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2024;28(1):118-125. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2023.2183533. Epub 2023 Mar 13. PubMed 36857489 ↗
  • Hernandez-Padilla J, Suthers F, Fernandez-Sola C, Granero-Molina J. Development and psychometric assessment of the Basic Resuscitation Skills Self-Efficacy Scale. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2016 Apr;15(3):e10-8. doi: 10.1177/1474515114562130. Epub 2014 Nov 24. PubMed 25422522 ↗
  • Grunau B, Humphries K, Stenstrom R, Pennington S, Scheuermeyer F, van Diepen S, Awad E, Al Assil R, Kawano T, Brooks S, Gu B, Christenson J. Public access defibrillators: Gender-based inequities in access and application. Resuscitation. 2020 May;150:17-22. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.02.024. Epub 2020 Feb 29. PubMed 32126247 ↗
  • Jadhav S, Gaddam S. Gender and location disparities in prehospital bystander AED usage. Resuscitation. 2021 Jan;158:139-142. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.11.006. Epub 2020 Nov 12. PubMed 33189804 ↗
  • Kiyohara K, Katayama Y, Kitamura T, Kiguchi T, Matsuyama T, Ishida K, Sado J, Hirose T, Hayashida S, Nishiyama C, Iwami T, Shimazu T. Gender disparities in the application of public-access AED pads among OHCA patients in public locations. Resuscitation. 2020 May;150:60-64. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.02.038. Epub 2020 Mar 19. PubMed 32199903 ↗
  • Aldeen AZ, Hartman ND, Segura A, Phull A, Shaw DM, Chiampas GT, Courtney DM. Video self-instruction for police officers in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillators. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013 Oct;28(5):471-6. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X13008716. Epub 2013 Jul 26. PubMed 23890536 ↗
  • Uny I, Angus K, Duncan E, Dobbie F. Barriers and facilitators to delivering bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in deprived communities: a systematic review. Perspect Public Health. 2023 Jan;143(1):43-53. doi: 10.1177/17579139211055497. Epub 2022 Jan 31. PubMed 35100885 ↗
  • Kleinman ME, Buick JE, Huber N, Idris AH, Levy M, Morgan SG, Nassal MMJ, Neth MR, Norii T, Nunnally ME, Rodriguez AJ, Walsh BK, Drennan IR. Part 7: Adult Basic Life Support: 2025 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2025 Oct 21;152(16_suppl_2):S448-S478. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001369. Epub 2025 Oct 22. PubMed 41122888 ↗
  • Norskov AS, Considine J, Nehme Z, Olasveengen TM, Morrison LJ, Morley P, Bray JE; International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Basic Life Support Task Force. Removal of bra for pad placement and defibrillation - A scoping review. Resusc Plus. 2025 Feb 3;22:100885. doi: 10.1016/j.resplu.2025.100885. eCollection 2025 Mar. PubMed 40026715 ↗
  • Thompson K, Smith J, Tanski M, Neth MR, Sahni R, Kennel J, Jui J, Newgard CD, Daya MR, Lupton JR. Gender Differences in Defibrillator Practices in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2025;29(5):586-592. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2024.2394590. Epub 2024 Sep 17. PubMed 39189823 ↗
  • Husain S, Eisenberg M. Police AED programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2013 Sep;84(9):1184-91. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.03.040. Epub 2013 May 2. PubMed 23643893 ↗
  • Hawkins SC, Shapiro AH, Sever AE, Delbridge TR, Mosesso VN. The role of law enforcement agencies in out-of-hospital emergency care. Resuscitation. 2007 Mar;72(3):386-93. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.07.021. Epub 2006 Dec 6. PubMed 17156910 ↗
  • Valenzuela TD, Roe DJ, Nichol G, Clark LL, Spaite DW, Hardman RG. Outcomes of rapid defibrillation by security officers after cardiac arrest in casinos. N Engl J Med. 2000 Oct 26;343(17):1206-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200010263431701. PubMed 11071670 ↗
  • Baekgaard JS, Viereck S, Moller TP, Ersboll AK, Lippert F, Folke F. The Effects of Public Access Defibrillation on Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies. Circulation. 2017 Sep 5;136(10):954-965. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029067. Epub 2017 Jul 7. PubMed 28687709 ↗
  • Drennan IR, Lin S, Thorpe KE, Morrison LJ. The effect of time to defibrillation and targeted temperature management on functional survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2014 Nov;85(11):1623-8. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.07.010. Epub 2014 Aug 12. PubMed 25107539 ↗
  • Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, Chamberlain AM, Chang AR, Cheng S, Delling FN, Djousse L, Elkind MSV, Ferguson JF, Fornage M, Khan SS, Kissela BM, Knutson KL, Kwan TW, Lackland DT, Lewis TT, Lichtman JH, Longenecker CT, Loop MS, Lutsey PL, Martin SS, Matsushita K, Moran AE, Mussolino ME, Perak AM, Rosamond WD, Roth GA, Sampson UKA, Satou GM, Schroeder EB, Shah SH, Shay CM, Spartano NL, Stokes A, Tirschwell DL, VanWagner LB, Tsao CW; American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020 Mar 3;141(9):e139-e596. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757. Epub 2020 Jan 29. PubMed 31992061 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: Yes — All newly generated factual data that is needed for independent verification of research results will be made freely and publicly available in the AHA-approved repository, Zendo following the FAIR data sharing paradigm. This includes anonymized demographic information, self-efficacy data, and AED training. The investigators will not deposit open-ended survey responses due to an inability to anonymize or aggregate the data.

Supporting information: Statistical analysis plan, Analytic code

Time frame: 03/31/2028

Access criteria: freely available

Data sharing details ↗ · zenodo.org

09

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
ElapsedEstimatedEstimated, not yet reachedSimilar studies: half by the dot; the band is the middle halfHalf of similar studies reached it by the dot; the band is the middle half, from a quarter to three quarters

Started Jul 2026 (actual). Primary completion is estimated for Dec 2027, 17 months after the start.

Of 93 non-industry interventional studies with no phase under Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest, half reached primary completion within 34 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 19 and three quarters within 57. This study's planned 17 months is below that.

Counting every sponsor, half of 95 studies reached it within 34 months; a quarter within 19 and three quarters within 57.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
Jun 3, 2026
First posted
Jun 16, 2026
StartActual
Jul 14, 2026
Primary completionEst.
Dec 31, 2027
CompletionEst.
Dec 31, 2027
Last update
Aug 19, 2026
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Aug 19, 2026, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT07649616
Collaborators
Oregon Health and Science University, American Heart Association
Responsible party
Amanda Missel (Assistant Professor, Wayne State University) — Principal investigator
First posted
Jun 16, 2026
Start date
Jul 14, 2026
Primary completion
Dec 31, 2027 (estimated)
Completion
Dec 31, 2027 (estimated)
Last update
Aug 19, 2026

Study contacts

Robert Ploutz-Snyder, PhD, PStat(r)
study chair · Wayne State University

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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