An observational study in Pain, Postoperative, sponsored by Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University. Enrolling by invitation at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Open to participants aged 18 Years to 45 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-10-02.
Sponsored by Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University · Observational
Excessive or problematic smartphone use has become increasingly common and has been associated with various psychological and physical health consequences, including anxiety, depressive symptoms, reduced sleep quality, musculoskeletal pain, and heightened pain perception. Postoperative pain is influenced not only by surgical trauma but also by individual psychological and behavioral characteristics. This prospective observational study aims to investigate whether smartphone addiction levels influence postoperative pain scores and analgesic consumption in patients undergoing elective rhinoplasty surgery.
Problematic smartphone use-often referred to as smartphone addiction-has emerged as a significant behavioral concern worldwide. Prior research has demonstrated associations between excessive smartphone use and anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, impaired attention, and increased musculoskeletal discomfort. Moreover, psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and cognitive attention patterns are known to modulate postoperative pain perception.
Individuals with higher levels of smartphone addiction commonly exhibit elevated anxiety, restlessness, and depressive symptoms, which may heighten pain sensitivity and interfere with postoperative pain coping mechanisms. However, current literature includes limited evidence directly examining the relationship between smartphone addiction and postoperative pain outcomes.
This single-center prospective observational study will include adult patients aged 18-45 years undergoing elective rhinoplasty surgery under general anesthesia. Eligible participants will be ASA physical status I-II and without psychiatric disorders, chronic analgesic or psychotropic medication use, communication difficulties, prior rhinoplasty surgery, or additional concurrent surgical procedures.
Preoperative data collection will include demographic variables (age, sex, education level, duration of daily smartphone use). Participants will complete two validated instruments in Turkish: The Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale - Turkish Version, The Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) - Turkish Version.
Surgical and anesthesia management will follow standardized institutional protocols. Postoperative pain will be assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours following surgery. Total analgesic consumption within the first 24 hours will also be recorded.
Participants will be categorized based on their smartphone addiction scores, and postoperative pain outcomes and analgesic consumption will be compared between groups. Additionally, correlation analyses will be performed to explore the association between smartphone addiction levels and perceived postoperative pain.
Sample size was calculated using an effect size derived from a previous study reporting a correlation coefficient of rho = 0.292 between problematic phone use and perceived pain. With a significance level of 0.05 and a statistical power of 80%, a minimum of 91 participants were required. To compensate for an anticipated dropout rate of approximately 10%, the final planned sample size is 100 participants.
5,640 studies on the registry are indexed under Pain, Postoperative; 1,230 are open to participants now.
This study's planned enrollment of 100 is close to the median of 102 across 683 observational studies indexed under Pain, Postoperative.
Browse Pain, Postoperative studies →Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University is the lead sponsor of 170 studies on the registry; 38 are open to participants now.
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Sample size was calculated using an effect size derived from a previous study reporting a correlation coefficient of rho = 0.292 between problematic phone use and perceived pain. With a significance level of 0.05 and a statistical power of 80%, a minimum of 91 participants were required. To compensate for an anticipated dropout rate of approximately 10%, the final planned sample size is 100 participants.
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Exclusion Criteria:
Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
The anaesthetists’ scale of health before surgery: I is healthy, II has a mild illness that is under control, III a severe one, IV a severe illness that is a constant threat to life. V and VI are used for the critically ill and for organ donors.
Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
ASA physical status
The anaesthetists’ scale of health before surgery: I is healthy, II has a mild illness that is under control, III a severe one, IV a severe illness that is a constant threat to life. V and VI are used for the critically ill and for organ donors.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Informed consent
Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
This cohort includes adult patients aged 18-45 years with ASA physical status I-II who are scheduled to undergo elective rhinoplasty under general anesthesia. All participants will complete preoperative assessments, including demographic data and validated Turkish versions of the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale and the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q). Postoperative pain scores (VAS) will be recorded at 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours following surgery, along with total analgesic consumption within the first 24 hours. No interventions will be applied as part of the study; the cohort will be observed prospectively
Postoperative Pain Score (VAS)
Pain intensity measured using the Visual Analog Scale (0-10)
Time frame: 1st, 6th, 12th, and 24th postoperative hours.
Total Analgesic Consumption
The total analgesic consumption within the first 24 postoperative hours, including tramadol administered through patient-controlled analgesia (PCA).
Time frame: 24 hours postoperatively
Plan to share: Yes — The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Interested researchers may contact the corresponding author via email and provide a brief description of their intended use.
Supporting information: Study protocol, Statistical analysis plan, Informed consent form
No publications or documents are linked to this record.
Started Jan 2026 (actual). Primary completion is estimated for Dec 2026, 11 months after the start.
Of 391 non-industry observational studies under Pain, Postoperative, half reached primary completion within 13 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 5 and three quarters within 32. This study's planned 11 months is below that.
Counting every sponsor, half of 395 studies reached it within 13 months; a quarter within 5 and three quarters within 33.
Since we started tracking on Sep 25, 2026, the dates moved once, on Oct 2, 2026: primary completion Sep 2026 → Dec 2026 and completion Oct 2026 → Dec 2026.
Earlier changes are on the record history on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.
From the registry record's own update history. This site started tracking changes on Sep 25, 2026; for anything earlier, see the record history on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
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