Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization Versus PNF Stretching in Athletes With Piriformis Syndrome

The objective of this study will be to compare the effectiveness of IASTM versus PNF stretching to manage Piriformis Syndrome in a 4 - week randomized controlled trial (RCT). Random allocation was done to the IASTM group or the PNF stretching group. Physiotherapy interventions to reduce pain, increase muscle flexibility and increase functional outcomes will be given to both groups.

Before the intervention, all participants will underween a comprehensive assessment, including:

• Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) for pain intensity
• Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) for functional disability
• Goniometric measurement for hip joint range of motion (ROM)

Group A: Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization (IASTM) Group

IASTM therapy was provided to participants in whom a specialized instrument was used to apply controlled pressure over the piriformis muscle as well as surrounding soft tissues. The procedure included:

• Warm-up: Light aerobic exercise (5 minutes)
• IASTM Application: Applied over the piriformis muscle in a longitudinal and cross-fiber pattern for 5-7 minutes
• Static stretching of the piriformis and gluteal muscle activation exercises are completed next.
• Cool-down: Light stretching and relaxation

Group B: Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) Stretching Group

PNF stretching (contract relax; hold relax) was implemented to stretch participants' muscles as flexibly and with as much control as possible. The procedure included:

• Warm-up: Light aerobic exercise (5 minutes)

• PNF Stretching:

  • The second technique was based on hold-relax technique during which the participant actively contracted the piriformis muscle against resistance for 5 seconds, followed by a 10 seconds passive stretch.
  • Contract relax technique: same as the above but with deeper stretches following an active contraction
  • Repeated for 3 sets per session
• Exercises to strengthen the core and hip muscles to provide stability
• Gentle stretching and deep breathing for cool down

Physiotherapy Management (Common for Both Groups)

In addition, the following was provided to all the participants together with their respective interventions:

• Ice/heat application as needed (based on the individual).
• Education \& Ergonomic Advice: Guidance on proper posture, activity modification, and self-care techniques Specific exercises will be assigned to maintain flexibility and strength (Home Exercise Program).