An interventional study of CLEVER in Chronic Low-back Pain, sponsored by University of Valencia. Completed at 1 site in Spain. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2025-01-22.
Sponsored by University of Valencia · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment
The purpose of this study is to test whether a positive body image-based intervention is able to improve pain, disability, interference and emotional distress in people with chronic low back pain.
Patients will receive 4 sessions approaching 5 different clinical modules: Pain Psychoeducation, Body Awareness, Pain Acceptance, Body Appreciation and Functionality and Gratitude. 2 sessions will include virtual reality (VR) environments to enhance the clinical outcomes.
Researchers will analyse changes in the variables of interest after intervention compared to baseline.
The purpose of this intervention is to examine the effects of a positive body image-based intervention using virtual reality to improve pain, interference and emotional distress.
The first session will be dedicated to psychoeducation about pain. Investigators will discuss what chronic pain is, what factors influence pain, chronification, body image and a brief presentation of the modules.
In the second session, a brief introduction to body awareness will be given and a VR environment will be used to carry out a body scan.
In the third session, Acceptance of pain will be worked on and a VR environment will be used to work on some variables related to the chronification of pain, such as paradoxical control or avoidance.
In the fourth session, the modules of Appreciation and Gratitude will be addressed.
Each session will last approximately one hour. First, participants will be screened to check eligibility inclusion/exclusion criteria. Second, eligible participants will complete baseline measures.
The study will be conducted following the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki.
The design chosen for the intervention will be a Multiple Baseline Single Case Design (SCD-MB). Data will be analysed by visual and statistical analysis. For visual analysis, the mean and/or median will be used to report the level, trend and stability of the 'within phase' data. For "between-phase" data, "Nonoverlap Statistics" such as "Nonoverlap of All Pairs" (NAP) will be used. For statistical analyses a Cohen's Difference of Means (Cohen's d) will be used to estimate the effect size at the individual level and multilevel analyses for across-case effect sizes.
2,373 studies on the registry are indexed under Back Pain; 284 are open to participants now.
This study's enrollment of 13 is below the median of 60 across 1,941 interventional studies indexed under Back Pain.
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Exclusion Criteria:
Meeting any of the following medical conditions:
Positive body image-based intervention. Main Components: Psychoeducation, Body Awareness, Acceptance, Functionality Appreciation and Gratitude toward the body.
Behavioral: CLEVER
Positive body image-based intervention. Main Components: Psychoeducation, Body Awareness, Acceptance, Functionality Appreciation and Gratitude toward the body.
Behavioral: CLEVER
Positive body image-based intervention. Main Components: Psychoeducation, Body Awareness, Acceptance, Functionality Appreciation and Gratitude toward the body.
Behavioral: CLEVER
Positive body image-based intervention. Main Components: Psychoeducation, Body Awareness, Acceptance, Functionality Appreciation and Gratitude toward the body.
Behavioral: CLEVER
CLEVER: A positive body image-based intervention for Chronic Low Back Pain. Patients will receive 4 sessions to approach 5 clinical modules: Pain Psychoeducation, Body Awareness, Pain Acceptance, Body Appreciation and Functionality and Gratitude. virtual reality environments will be used to enhance the clinical outcomes in two sessions. Each session will last 60 minutes.
Body Disability
Roland-Morris Questionnaire (RMQ) is a 24-item patient-reported outcome measure those inquiries about pain-related disability. Items are scored 0 if left blank or 1 if endorsed, for a total RMQ score ranging from 0 to 24.
Time frame: The whole scale will be administered at the beginning (day 1 of 43) and the end of the intervention (day 43 of 43).
Emotional Distress
The 4-item Brief Assessment of Distress about Pain (BADP) scale was developed to assess anxiety, fear, and depression related to pain, as well as an overall evaluation of distress about pain. Items are scored from 0 ("Not at all") to 4 ("Extreme"), for a total BADP score ranging from 0 to 16.
Time frame: The whole scale will be administered at the beginning (day 1 of 43) and the end of the intervention (day 43 of 43).
Pain Interference and Pain Intensity
The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) scale was developed to assess the severity of pain and its impact on functioning. The scale consists of 9 items with qualitative and quantitative data on the following dimensions: "Worst pain in last 24 hours", "Least pain in last 24 hours", "Pain on average" and "Pain right now".
Time frame: The whole scale will be administered at the beginning (day 1 of 43) and the end of the intervention (day 43 of 43).
Level of Quality of Life
The EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) scale is a 5-item scale to assess the quality of life of patients with several pathologies, chronic pain included. The individual assesses his or her own state of health, first in levels of severity by dimensions (descriptive system) and then on a more general visual analogue scale (VAS).
Time frame: The whole scale will be administered at the beginning (day 1 of 43) and the end of the intervention (day 43 of 43).
Fear of movement
The Tampa Scale for Kinesophobia (TSK-11SV) is an 11-item scale that measures kinesophobia with statements asking the subject to answer from 1 ("Strongly disagree"), to 4 ("Strongly agree"). Two items: 'I'M AFRAID OF UNINTENTIONALLY INJURING MYSELF', ´PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AGGRAVATES MY PAIN´ will be administered daily for 43 days via MPATH
Time frame: The whole scale will be administered at the beginning (day 1 of 43) and the end of the intervention (day 43 of 43).
Body Awareness
Dimensions of "Not Worrying" (items 9, 10 and 11), "Not distracting" (items 5, 6 and 7) and "Trusting" (items 30, 31 and 32) from the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) will be used. This scale is a state-trait self-report questionnaire to measure multiple dimensions of interoception (awareness of bodily sensations). These dimensions have been chosen for their relationship to the intervention components and for their good psychometric quality. The scores range from 0 to 5, where higher scores indicate a higher level in that dimension.
Time frame: The whole scale will be administered at the beginning (day 1 of 43) and the end of the intervention (day 43 of 43) and one of the items of the scale: 'I NOTICE WHEN I FEEL UNCOMFORTABLE IN MY BODY´ will be administered daily for 43 days via MPATH.
Body Awareness
The following items have been created ad-hoc for this experiment: 1. In general, I am able to pay attention to both pleasant and unpleasant bodily sensations. 2. When I feel pain, I am also able to notice pleasant bodily sensations. 3. Today I have noticed pleasant bodily sensations. 4. Today I have noticed unpleasant bodily sensations. 5. I am able to notice and differentiate the various sensations I experience in my body, regardless of whether they are pleasant or unpleasant (examples). 6. I have the ability to pay attention to body signals, whether positive or negative. 7. I am aware of physical sensations in my body, whether pleasant or uncomfortable. One of the items of the scale: 'TODAY I HAVE NOTICED PLEASANT BODILY SENSATIONS´ and 'TODAY I HAVE NOTICED UNPLEASANT BODILY SENSATIONS´ will be administered daily for 43 days via MPATH.
Time frame: The whole scale will be administered at the beginning (day 1 of 43) and the end of the intervention (day 43 of 43).
Chronic Pain Acceptance
Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire 8 (CPAQ-8). Numerical rating scale ranging from 0 "Never true" to 6 "Always true" where higher scores indicate a higher Chronic Pain Acceptance (Pain Willingness and Activity Engagement). Two items: 'WHETHER I FELT PAIN OR NOT, I HAD A SATISFACTORY DAY´ and 'WHETHER I FELT PAIN OR NOT, I HAVE HAD A SATISFYING DAY TODAY´ will be administered daily for 43 days via MPATH.
Time frame: The whole scale will be administered at the beginning (day 1 of 43) and the end of the intervention (day 43 of 43).
Body Appreciation
Body Appreciation Scale 2 (BAS-2). Numerical rating scale ranging from 1 "Never" to 5 "Always", 10 items where higher scores indicate a higher Appreciation of the body.
Time frame: The whole scale will be administered at the beginning (day 1 of 43) and the end of the intervention (day 43 of 43) and one of the items of the scale -'I FEEL LOVE AND RESPECT FOR MY BODY'- will be administered daily for 43 days via MPATH.
Appreciation of Body Functionality
Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS). The scores range from 1 to 5, where higher scores indicate higher levels of appreciation of body functionality. Two items of the scale -'I APPRECIATE MY BODY FOR WHAT IT IS ABLE TO DO'- and -'I AM GRATEFUL THAT MY BODY ALLOWS ME TO BE INVOLVED IN ACTIVITIES THAT I ENJOY OR THAT SEEM IMPORTANT TO ME´ will be administered daily for 43 days via MPATH
Time frame: The whole scale will be administered at the beginning (day 1 of 43) and the end of the intervention (day 43 of 43).
Pain Catastrophizing
The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) consists of 13 statements containing a number of thoughts and feelings typically present in the experience of pain. The items are divided into 3 categories: rumination, magnification and helplessness, with each item scored on a 5-point scale. The patient is asked to indicate the frequency with which these feelings or thoughts appear from 0 ("Not at all") to 4 ("All the time"). Two of the items of the scale: -'I'M AFRAID THE PAIN WILL GET WORSE'- and -'I CAN'T STOP THINKING ABOUT HOW MUCH IT HURTS'- will be administered daily for 43 days via MPATH
Time frame: The whole scale will be administered at the beginning (day 1 of 43) and the end of the intervention (day 43 of 43).
Depression
The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The scale is composed of 9 items to assess depressive symptoms and the patient is asked to indicate the frequency with which these feelings, thoughts or states appear from 0 ("Not at all) to 3 ("Nearly every day").
Time frame: The whole scale will be administered at the beginning (day 1 of 43) and the end of the intervention (day 43 of 43).
Anxiety
The Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale is composed of 7 items to assess the different dimensions of the Generalised Anxiety Disorder and the patient is asked to mark the frequency from 'Never' to 'almost every day' in the last two weeks.
Time frame: The whole scale will be administered at the beginning (day 1 of 43) and the end of the intervention (day 43 of 43).
Negative affect
How do you feel today? 0 = Not negative at all; 100 = Very negative
Time frame: This item will be administered daily for 43 days via MPATH
Positive affect
How do you feel today? 0 = Not positive at all; 100 = Very positive
Time frame: This item will be administered daily for 43 days via MPATH
Plan to share: No
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University of Valencia