An interventional study of Smart Water Bottle in Dehydration, sponsored by Kennesaw State University. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 35 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-11-05.
Sponsored by Kennesaw State University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Prevention
Approximately 60% of males and 40% of females do not meet current fluid intake recommendations, which is associated with adverse health consequences such as obesity, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Newer technologies have been designed to promote fluid intake. "Smart Water Bottles" use mHealth technology to capture fluid intake behaviors automatically and provide cues to encourage fluid consumption. Studies using Smart Water Bottles have helped some individuals increase fluid intake to help reduce kidney stone formation. However, limited research has assessed the efficacy of this technology on improving fluid intake in college students. College is a time with the potential to form healthy habits that carry into adulthood. Previous work has also identified daily changes in morning urine color, thirst perception, and body mass, as simple, inexpensive indicators of daily fluctuations in water balance. Tracking changes in these metrics has the potential to provide participants with evidence of adequate or inadequate fluid consumption. Thus, the combination of prompting from a smart water bottle, as well as daily self-monitoring changes in hydration status, may encourage college students to increase daily fluid consumption.
201 studies on the registry are indexed under Dehydration; 28 are open to participants now.
This study's enrollment of 30 is below the median of 43 across 145 interventional studies indexed under Dehydration.
Browse Dehydration studies →Kennesaw State University is the lead sponsor of 9 studies on the registry; 4 are open to participants now.
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Exclusion Criteria:
Participants in the intervention group will be prompted by the water bottle to drink (bottle will light up red) whenever they are behind on fluid intake recommendations for the day. The bottle will be linked to a smart phone application that participants will be instructed to download on their personal mobile device, but they will log into this device using a researcher provided username and password. The bottle will encourage male participants to consume 2.5 L and for female participants to consume 2.0 L of fluid. Participants will be asked to use this bottle to consume all water and enter any additional sources of fluid using the mobile application. The intervention group will also be asked to record their daily perceived thirst, first morning urine color, and body mass as a means of self-monitoring daily changes in hydration status, using a provided paper log.
Behavioral: Smart Water Bottle
The control group will be asked to go about daily activities as normal. They will not receive the water bottle and will not be asked to track daily measures of thirst, morning urine color, or body mass.
Participants in the intervention group will receive a bottle which measures participant fluid consumption. The bottle will be set to recommend 2.5L for male participants and 2.0L for female participants, consistent with fluid intake recommendations from the European Food Safety Authority for each sex. Participants will be prompted by the bottle (bottle will light up) when they are behind on fluid intake recommendations. Participants will use a validated urine color chart, 9 point Likert scale for thirst, and measure nude body mass on their own each morning. Participants will be informed that higher values for nude body mass and thirst, and lower values for nude body mass each morning may indicate they are less hydrated day-to-day.
Total Fluid Intake
Total Fluid Intake will be reported by participants for 3 days before and after the intervention using a validated fluid log. The average of 3-days of fluid recording will be used.
Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention
Changes in 24h urine osmolality
Urinary osmolality reflects the concentration of urine, with higher values indicative of worse hydration. Urine osmolality will be collected for 3 days at the start and end of the study, with the average of each 3 day period used for analyses.
Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention
Changes in 24h urine volume
Higher urine volume tends to correspond with greater fluid intake.
Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention
Change in urine color measured by validated urine color chart
A validated urine color will be used to rate urine samples. Higher values correspond with worse hydration.
Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention
Changes in calorie intake from dietary log.
The ASA-24 is an electronic diet log participants will use to record their diet at the start and end of the study.
Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention
Change in copeptin
Copeptin is a surrogate marker for vasopressin, a major fluid regulatory hormone which increases fluid conservation at the kidneys.
Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention
Change in urine specific gravity
Measures the density of the urine.
Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention
Change in body water distribution
Intracellular and extracellular water content measured via BIA.
Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention
Change in Aldosterone
Fluid regulatory hormone involved in plasma volume regulation.
Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention
Hydration KAB Scales
Brief questionnaire assessing hydration knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about hydration and fluid intake behaviors.
Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention.
Change in body fat percentage
Assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention
Plan to share: No
No publications or documents are linked to this record.
From the registry record's own update history. This site started tracking changes on Sep 25, 2026; for anything earlier, see the record history on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
This study is completed, as verified in Aug 2025. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.
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Kennesaw State University