Elucidating Mechanisms That Underlie the Symptomatology of Functional Dyspepsia Using Novel Techniques and Its Therapeutic Validation Using Neuromodulators

Inclusion Criteria (Healthy):

• Age 18 and above, up to 65 years old
• No current GI symptoms (as assessed by history taking during screening and based on the investigators' collective judgement)
• No previous GI illness (as determined by clinically significant findings from medical history taking and vital signs)
• No chronic medical illness e.g., chronic neurological, cardiovascular, pulmonary, endoscirne and hematological disorders, as well as psychiatric disorders

Exclusion Criteria (Healthy):

• BMI of less than 18.50 and more than 29.99
• Had undergone any abdominal surgery except appendicectomy, tubal ligation, or Caesarean section
• Females that are pregnant, expecting to become pregnant during the study period, or breastfeeding
• Aversion to test meals
• Use of medications that may alter gastrointestinal function and motility
• Contraindication for MRI examination e.g., cardiac pacemaker, ferromagnetic implants, claustrophobia

Inclusion Criteria (FD patients):

• Age 18 and above, up to 65 years old
• Satisfy the diagnosis of FD as per Rome IV criteria
• Absence of organic disorders that explain dyspepsia in patients such as autoimmune disease, inflammatory disease or brain trauma
• No other chronic medical illnesses (including chronic neurological, cardiovascular, pulmonary, endocrine and hematological disorders) and psychiatric disorders

Exclusion Criteria (FD patients):

• Positive Helicobacter pylori test
• Presence of esophagitis, gastric atrophy, heartburn as predominant symptom, history of peptic ulcer or major abdominal surgery
• Medications that potentially affects gastrointestinal motility or sensitivity (eg: acid suppressant, prokinetics, corticosteroids, NSAIDs and analgesics apart from paracetamol)
• Aversion to test meals
• Recent trauma to the abdomen
• Patients on antipsychotic or antidepressant in the last 6 weeks
• Contraindication for MRI examination e.g., cardiac pacemaker, ferromagnetic implants, claustrophobia