An interventional study of Salmonella Typhimurium in Salmonella Infections, Salmonella Typhimurium and Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), sponsored by Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. Active, not recruiting at 1 site in United Kingdom. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 50 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2025-05-02.
Sponsored by Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust · Not applicable, Interventional, and Basic science
This protocol describes the challenge non-typhoidal Salmonella (CHANTS) study. This is a first-in-human phase 1, double-blinded, randomised, dose-escalation human infection study, conducted in healthy volunteers aged 18 to 50 years. The primary objective of the study is to perform a dose escalation with two strains (ST19 or ST313) to determine the infectious dose required for 60-75% of volunteers to develop Salmonellosis using a composite diagnostic criterion. The secondary objectives of the study are to describe and compare the clinical and laboratory features following controlled human infection. It is hoped that the successful establishment of an NTS human challenge model can be used in the future to test candidate vaccines for NTS disease.
The overall aim of this study is to establish a controlled human infection model of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) infection. The investigators will challenge healthy volunteers with two strains of Salmonella Typhimurium. Participants will be admitted to an inpatient quarantine facility after the challenge and treated with antibiotics when they meet defined criteria. The primary objective of the study is to perform a dose escalation to determine the infectious dose required for 60-75% of volunteers to develop Salmonellosis using a composite diagnostic criterion. The secondary objectives of the study are to describe and compare the clinical and laboratory features following controlled human infection with Salmonella Typhimurium. It is hoped that the successful establishment of an NTS human challenge model can be used in the future to test candidate vaccines for NTS disease.
Study design: Double-blinded randomised human infection study
Number of visits: 21 to 26 (depending on the outcome of the challenge)
Sample size: Up to 80 (depending on the outcome of the dose escalation study)
Study participants: Healthy adults aged 18 to 50 years inclusive
Challenge strain(s) Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium strain 4/74 - Dose range from 1-5 x 10e1 to 1-5 x10e6 CFU suspended in sodium bicarbonate prior to oral ingestion. Produced to GMP.
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium strain D23580 - Dose range from 10e1-10e6 CFU suspended in sodium bicarbonate prior to oral ingestion. Produced to GMP.
Research procedures:
Screening Participants will complete an online questionnaire to assess their eligibility and provide information about their medical history. They may then be contacted by telephone to discuss any information they have provided or invited directly for a face-to-face appointment. The purpose of screening is to assess eligibility and provide an opportunity for the participant to be fully informed about the study and to ask any questions they may have.
At the screening visit, the study team will go through the study in detail and consent the participant to enrollment in the study.
If following the consent process the participant was willing to do so the study investigators would ask participants to complete a short quiz to ensure that the study had been understood and sign an informed consent form.
The study investigators will then ask questions about the participant's health, travel, medication and vaccination history, occupational and household contacts, undertake a physical examination including an ECG ('heart tracing') and take a urine and blood sample to assess eligibility.
Blood is screened for general health (to check a full blood cell count, kidney and liver function), HIV, hepatitis B and C, and coeliac disease as well as for a congenital immune deficiency that some people have without knowing (called IgA deficiency). Blood is also tested for the presence of the HLA-B27 gene which encodes for a protein called human leukocyte antigen B27 on the surface of white blood cells.
All participants are asked to complete a questionnaire to assess anxiety and depression. A separate questionnaire will be used to screen for symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. In addition, participants are asked to attend a separate appointment for an abdominal ultrasound to check for gallstones and for aortic aneurysms,
For all females, the study investigators will perform a pregnancy test on their urine samples.
The study investigators will ask permission to contact the participant's GP to confirm eligibility and provide medical and vaccination records.
Once the results from these tests are received the study team will make an assessment of eligibility and this will be communicated to the participant. Once eligibility is confirmed then arrangements will be made for the challenge.
Enrollment The pre-challenge visit marks the start of formal enrolment in the study. This will take place one week before the challenge visit. At this visit, participants are asked to sign a second consent form to confirm that they are still willing to take part. The study investigators will check that there have been no changes to their health since the screening visit. The study investigators will also perform a brief medical examination and collect some extra tests, including blood, and urine. Will will give participants a kit to collect faecal samples to bring in at their next visit.
Challenge The day of the challenge is designated as Day 0. It marks the start of the busy study period. The challenge starts by admitting participants to our dedicated inpatient facility. Participants have a blood test taken and women would take a urine pregnancy test. Will also perform a lateral flow test for COVID-19. Participants are administered a sodium bicarbonate solution to neutralise stomach acid. This will be followed by a solution containing one of the two Salmonella Typhimurium strains. Participants will fast for a further 90 minutes after challenge.
After the challenge, participants are to remain as inpatients in quarantine for at least 7 days. Participants will be discharged when defined discharge criteria are met.
Discharge criteria
Participants will be discharged from the inpatient quarantine unit if the following criteria are met:
For patients diagnosed with Salmonellosis from day 0 to day 7, the following criteria apply:
After 7 days, participants will be allowed to leave the quarantine facility. They will continue to be seen in an outpatient setting for a further 7 days. At follow-up visits, diary entries will be reviewed, observations will be taken plus blood and stool samples.
Diagnosis and treatment After the challenge participants may develop symptoms of Salmonella infection or remain well. Participants may develop symptoms of Salmonella at any point after the challenge. The study investigaors might expect symptoms to start as soon as 12-48 hours after the challenge, but this can range from as short as 4 hours to as long as 3 days. Symptoms are expected to last between 3 to 7 days on average. If a participant develops pre-specified treatment criteria or invasive Salmonella infection the study investigators will start antibiotic treatment,
Treatment criteria
Antibiotics are commenced if ANY of the following apply:
Moderate gastroenteritis plus:
Any participant with 3 or more of the following symptoms on the same day at Grade 2 or higher;
Follow up All participants will have to attend follow-up visits on day 28, 90, day 180, and day 365 where blood, saliva and stool samples will be taken. For safety reasons, pregnancy tests will be performed on female participants prior to the challenge and prior to starting antibiotics.
Vital signs, physical examination, blood and urine sampling, ECG, and mood assessment can be performed at any stage in the study if felt to be clinically indicated.
From these procedures, the study investigators will collect data including:
626 studies on the registry are indexed under Communicable Diseases; 128 are open to participants now.
This study's planned enrollment of 80 is below the median of 89 across 380 interventional studies indexed under Communicable Diseases.
Browse Communicable Diseases studies →Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust is the lead sponsor of 80 studies on the registry; 19 are open to participants now.
Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.
Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.
Participants must satisfy all the following criteria to be considered eligible for the study:
Exclusion Criteria:
The participant will not be enrolled if any of the following apply:
History of significant organ-specific and/or systemic disease that could interfere with trial conduct or completion. Including, for example, but not restricted to:
Cardiovascular disease, including specifically Atherosclerotic disease Stable or unstable angina Previous myocardial infarction Valvular heart disease Vascular disease, including specifically
Have any known or suspected impairment of immune function, alteration of immune function, or prior immune exposure that may alter immune function to Salmonella infection resulting from, for example:
Full-time, part-time, or voluntary occupations involving:
Full time, part time or voluntary occupations involving:
o Commercial food handling (involving preparing or serving unwrapped foods not subjected to further heating)
Close household contact with:
Any other social, psychological or health issues which, in the opinion of the study staff, may
Temporary exclusion criteria at challenge
Participants will be temporarily excluded from challenge if presenting at the challenge visit with the following:
Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
A condition in which the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, psoriasis, type 1 diabetes or inflammatory bowel disease.
Immunotherapy studies often leave out active autoimmune disease, and some name exceptions, such as thyroid disease on replacement hormone. Check the exceptions this study lists.
The human immunodeficiency virus, which weakens the immune system.
Many studies now accept people whose HIV is controlled on treatment, judged by the viral load and the CD4 count. Check the limits this study sets.
A weakened immune system. It can come from an illness, such as HIV or some blood cancers, or from medicines that turn the immune system down, for example after an organ transplant or for an autoimmune disease; steroids at higher doses count.
Read whether the line is about a condition or about medicines, and which medicines and doses it means.
Anti-inflammatory medicines such as prednisone, prednisolone and dexamethasone — not the anabolic steroids used for muscle.
Studies differ in what they allow: check which steroid medicines, routes (tablets, injections, creams, inhalers, eye drops) and doses this study accepts.
Judged by the study doctor to matter for your health or for the study. It is a doctor’s decision, so ask the study team if you are unsure whether something counts.
A reason a treatment, test or procedure should not be given to a particular person, such as an allergy, another illness or a medicine they take.
Ways of preventing pregnancy. “Highly effective” methods fail less than 1% of the time a year when used correctly — for example an IUD or an implant.
Criteria usually say which methods count and how long to keep using them after the last dose, sometimes for male participants too. Some studies accept a partner’s vasectomy if it was confirmed successful and that person is the participant’s only sexual partner.
A drug or device being studied in a clinical trial.
It may be new, or already approved and being studied for another use, dose or form. Criteria often leave out people who took part in another study of one within a recent period, commonly 30 days or five half-lives.
On an ECG, the QT interval is the time the heart’s lower chambers take to activate electrically and recover in each beat. QTc is that time adjusted for heart rate (QTcF by Fridericia’s formula, QTcB by Bazett’s). Some medicines lengthen it, and a long QTc can raise the risk of a dangerous heart rhythm.
The study may name a correction formula and a limit in milliseconds, often around 450–480.
A recording of the heart’s electrical activity, taken with stickers on the chest, arms and legs. It takes a few minutes and does not hurt.
Informed consent
Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Autoimmune disease
A condition in which the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, psoriasis, type 1 diabetes or inflammatory bowel disease.
Immunotherapy studies often leave out active autoimmune disease, and some name exceptions, such as thyroid disease on replacement hormone. Check the exceptions this study lists.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus, which weakens the immune system.
Many studies now accept people whose HIV is controlled on treatment, judged by the viral load and the CD4 count. Check the limits this study sets.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Immunosuppression
A weakened immune system. It can come from an illness, such as HIV or some blood cancers, or from medicines that turn the immune system down, for example after an organ transplant or for an autoimmune disease; steroids at higher doses count.
Read whether the line is about a condition or about medicines, and which medicines and doses it means.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Corticosteroids (steroids)
Anti-inflammatory medicines such as prednisone, prednisolone and dexamethasone — not the anabolic steroids used for muscle.
Studies differ in what they allow: check which steroid medicines, routes (tablets, injections, creams, inhalers, eye drops) and doses this study accepts.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Clinically significant
Judged by the study doctor to matter for your health or for the study. It is a doctor’s decision, so ask the study team if you are unsure whether something counts.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Contraindication
A reason a treatment, test or procedure should not be given to a particular person, such as an allergy, another illness or a medicine they take.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Contraception
Ways of preventing pregnancy. “Highly effective” methods fail less than 1% of the time a year when used correctly — for example an IUD or an implant.
Criteria usually say which methods count and how long to keep using them after the last dose, sometimes for male participants too. Some studies accept a partner’s vasectomy if it was confirmed successful and that person is the participant’s only sexual partner.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Investigational drug or device
A drug or device being studied in a clinical trial.
It may be new, or already approved and being studied for another use, dose or form. Criteria often leave out people who took part in another study of one within a recent period, commonly 30 days or five half-lives.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
QT and QTc
On an ECG, the QT interval is the time the heart’s lower chambers take to activate electrically and recover in each beat. QTc is that time adjusted for heart rate (QTcF by Fridericia’s formula, QTcB by Bazett’s). Some medicines lengthen it, and a long QTc can raise the risk of a dangerous heart rhythm.
The study may name a correction formula and a limit in milliseconds, often around 450–480.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
ECG (electrocardiogram)
A recording of the heart’s electrical activity, taken with stickers on the chest, arms and legs. It takes a few minutes and does not hurt.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Healthy volunteers will be challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium ST19
Biological: Salmonella Typhimurium
Healthy volunteers will be challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium ST313
Biological: Salmonella Typhimurium
Salmonella Typhimurium oral challenge. Dose-escalating (1-5x10\^3 CFU, 1-5x10\^4 CFU, 1-5x10\^5 CFU, 1-5x10\^6 CFU)
The dose in CFU of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) 4/74 and D23580 strains required for 60-75% of volunteers to develop systemic Salmonellosis following oral challenge
The proportion of participants who develop either: Fever ≥38°C on ≥2 occasions ≥12 hours apart AND/OR Salmonella Typhimurium bacteraemia
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
The Salmonella colonisation rate following oral challenge with Salmonella Typhimurium 4/74 and D23580 strains at different doses
The proportion from whom Salmonella Typhimurium is isolated from stool on ≥2 occasions ≥48 hours from challenge at different doses of each strain.
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
The Salmonella gastroenteritis rate following oral challenge of Salmonella Typhimurium 4/74 and D23580 strains at different doses.
The proportion of participants at different doses at each strain developing Severe diarrhoea and/or Moderate diarrhoea plus Fever ≥38°C on ≥1 occasion and/or ≥1 Grade 2 gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, tenesmus)
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
The persistent fever rate following oral challenge with Salmonella Typhimurium 4/74 and D23580 at different doses.
The proportion of participants who develop fever ≥38°C on ≥2 occasions ≥12 hours apart at different doses of each strain.
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
The rate of systemic Salmonellosis according to an alternative composite diagnostic criterion following oral challenge of Salmonella Typhimurium 4/74 and D23580 at different doses.
The proportion of participants meeting the criteria for a composite diagnosis of Salmonellosis at different doses of each strain defined as any of 1) Salmonella Typhimurium is isolated from stool on ≥2 occasions ≥48 hours from challenge and/or 2) Salmonella gastroenteritis and/or 3) fever ≥38°C on ≥2 occasions ≥12 hours apart and/or 4) Salmonella Typhimurium bacteraemia detected by blood culture and/or novel molecular methods
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
The safety of oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 and D23580 strains
The proportion of participants at different doses of each strain reporting * Adverse events, * Adverse events of special interest, * SAEs, * SUSARs. * Concomitant medication usage as outlined in the study protocol
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
Clinical features following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
Solicited symptom profiles recorded in a diary card
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
Clinical features following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
Diarrhoea volume
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
Clinical features following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
Diarrhoea severity measures using a four point scale (Absent, Mild, Moderate, Severe)
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
Clinical features following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
The proportion of participants with any fever =\>38C
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
Clinical features following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
The time to onset of first fever =\>38C
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
Clinical features following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
Fever clearance time
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
Microbiological features of gastrointestinal infection following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
Time to onset in days in each group from challenge to first stool sample positive for Salmonella Typhimurium by culture and/or PCR
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
Microbiological features of gastrointestinal infection following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
magnitude of stool shedding measured in CFU/ml in quantitative stool culture analysis
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
Microbiological features of gastrointestinal infection following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
Duration of stool shedding in each group measured in days from first stool sample positive for Salmonella by culture and/or PCR
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
Microbiological features of bloodstream infection following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
The proportion of participants in each group developing any bacteraemia
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
Microbiological features of bloodstream infection following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
The duration of bacteraemia measured by time in hours from the first positive blood culture to first persistently negative blood culture
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
Microbiological features of bloodstream infection following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
Blood culture clearance time measured by time in hours from initiation of antibiotics treatment to first persistently negative blood culture
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
Microbiological features of bloodstream infection following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
Magnitude of bacteraemia measured in CFU/ml in quantitative blood culture samples collected immediately prior to the initiation of treatment
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
Microbiological features of bloodstream infection following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
The time to onset of bacteraemia in each group, measured by hours since challenge
Time frame: Up to Day 14 post challenge (Inclusive)
Biochemical and haematological laboratory parameters following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
Absolute values of laboratory parameters from time of challenge to Day 28 and/or Day 90, with specific reference to Total haemoglobin (d/L) Haemoglobin change from baseline (Hb g/l D0 - nadir Hb g/l) Total white cell count (x10e9/l) Neutrophil count (x10e9/l) Lymphocyte count (x10e9/l) Eosinophil count (x10e9/l) Monocyte/lymphocyte ratio Urea and electrolytes (Na+,K+, Urea, Creatinine - mmol/l) C-reactive protein (mg/l) Liver function tests (Bilirubin \[umol/l\], aspartate transaminase (AST IU/l), alkaline phosphatase (ALP IU/l), alanine transaminase (ALT IU/l), Albumin (g/l)
Time frame: Up to Day 365 post challenge (Inclusive)
Serum antibody response following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
S. Typhimurium O-specific polysaccharide serum IgG and IgA concentration measured by ELISA
Time frame: Up to Day 365 post challenge (Inclusive)
Serum antibody response following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
S. Typhimurium specific serum IgG and IgA concentration against other S. Typhimurium antigens measured by ELISA
Time frame: Up to Day 365 post challenge (Inclusive)
Serum antibody response following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
Serum bactericidal antibody titres against Salmonella Typhimurium
Time frame: Up to Day 365 post challenge (Inclusive)
Serum antibody response following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
S. Typhimurium specific antibody secreting cell and memory B-cell responses measured by ELISPOT
Time frame: Up to Day 365 post challenge (Inclusive)
Serum antibody response following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
Other functional antibody activity measurements including systems serology platforms.
Time frame: Up to Day 365 post challenge (Inclusive)
Mucosal antibody response following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains.
S. Typhimurium specific IgG and IgA concentration measured by ELISA and other functional antibody activity measurements including systems serology platforms
Time frame: Up to Day 365 post challenge (Inclusive)
Cell-mediated immune response following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
Lymphocyte sub-populations at baseline and following challenge as measured by flow cytometry and/or CyTOF
Time frame: Up to Day 365 post challenge (Inclusive)
Cell-mediated immune response following oral challenge with S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
Frequency and magnitude of S. Typhimurium specific cell-mediated immune responses as measured by ELISPOT and flow cytometry and/or CyTOF
Time frame: Up to Day 365 post challenge (Inclusive)
To investigate how the human microbiota interacts with oral challenge of S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains
3.1 Pathogen specific and metagenomic analysis of stool and/or saliva to measure constituent microbiological flora (and their metabolome, transcriptome and anti-microbial resistance profile) at baseline and post-challenge time points
Time frame: Up to Day 365 post challenge (Inclusive)
To investigate novel diagnostic methods for detecting S. Typhimurium infection
Exploratory analysis of blood and faecal samples, including novel molecular techniques
Time frame: Up to Day 365 post challenge (Inclusive)
To describe and compare additional host immune responses following oral challenge of S. Typhimurium 4/74 or S. Typhimurium D23580 strains.
Analysis of B-cell repetoire, plasma cytokine profile and kinetics, additional exploratory immunology
Time frame: Up to Day 365 post challenge (Inclusive)
To evaluate environmental contamination with Salmonella enterica in the near patient environment
The pattern and proportion of environmental samples testing positive for Salmonella Typhimurium by culture or molecular methods
Time frame: Up to Day 365 post challenge (Inclusive)
To evaluate host-pathogen interactions following Salmonella infection including the presence and mechanisms of Salmonella persister infected macrophages
Exploratory analysis of infected immune cells from blood including, but not limited to, single-cell RNA-seq.
Time frame: Up to Day 365 post challenge (Inclusive)
Started Aug 2023 (actual). Primary completion is estimated for Feb 2026, 29 months after the start.
Of 128 non-industry interventional studies with no phase under Communicable Diseases, half reached primary completion within 21 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 6 and three quarters within 36. This study's planned 29 months is above that.
Counting every sponsor, half of 144 studies reached it within 21 months; a quarter within 6 and three quarters within 36.
How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.
This study is active, not recruiting, as verified in Apr 2025. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.
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Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust