An interventional study of Problem Solving Training for Concussion and Treatment as usual in Brain Concussion, sponsored by VA Office of Research and Development. Recruiting at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2025-09-08.
Sponsored by VA Office of Research and Development · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), also known as concussion, is a common injury sustained by Veterans. While most individuals who sustain mTBI experience a complete recovery within several weeks of injury, many Veterans with history of mTBI report frequent and long-lasting neurobehavioral complaints and functional impairment. Though research suggests that these outcomes are strongly influenced by co-occurring conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and chronic pain, evidence-based interventions capable of addressing this wide array of concerns are lacking. This study seeks to address this gap by evaluating the effectiveness of a brief and flexible behavioral health treatment (Problem-Solving Training for Concussion, or PST-Concussion), which was designed to be delivered by generalist providers working in VA primary care settings. If PST-Concussion is shown to be effective, this skills-focused intervention may help improve Veterans' recovery experience following mTBI.
This study will be a longitudinal randomized two-arm parallel group clinical trial. Participants will be randomized 1:1 to either PST-Concussion or treatment as usual (TAU). Participants assigned to PST-Concussion will receive six, approximately 30-minute telehealth treatment sessions. Assessments will include standard self-report and cognitive measures that will be administered at baseline, post-treatment, and three-month follow-up. The primary objective of this study will be to evaluate the effectiveness of PST-Concussion in reducing psychological distress compared to TAU. Secondary and tertiary objectives will be to evaluate whether PST-Concussion is associated with appreciable change in subjective neurocognitive functioning, objective neurocognitive functioning, psychosocial functioning, and disability and quality of life. Multi-level modeling will be used to evaluate treatment effects at post-treatment and three-month follow-up. A test of non-inferiority will be conducted to evaluate the potential durability of observed treatment effects from post-test to follow-up. A portion of participants assigned to PST-Concussion will also be interviewed at post-treatment or follow-up to gain insight into the practical impact of intervention on psychosocial functioning and quality of life.
530 studies on the registry are indexed under Brain Concussion; 151 are open to participants now.
This study's planned enrollment of 134 is above the median of 64 across 364 interventional studies indexed under Brain Concussion.
Browse Brain Concussion studies →VA Office of Research and Development is the lead sponsor of 1,733 studies on the registry; 396 are open to participants now.
Of its 206 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 180 (87%) have results posted.
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Exclusion Criteria:
Treatment arm. Six, approximately 30-minute telehealth treatment sessions comprised of brief problem-solving training, standard concussion education, motivational interviewing, goal-setting, and compensatory cognitive strategies.
Behavioral: Problem Solving Training for Concussion
Control arm. Primary care treatment as usual. Patients assigned to TAU will receive the care that they and their providers determine is necessary to best manage their presenting concerns.
Other: Treatment as usual
PST-Concussion is a combined treatment consisting of brief problem-solving training, standard concussion education, motivational interviewing, goal-setting, and compensatory cognitive strategies.
Also known as: PST-Concussion
Patients assigned to TAU will receive the care that they and their providers determine is necessary to best manage their presenting concerns.
Also known as: TAU
Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) Global Severity Index T-Score
The BSI-18 is a brief measure of psychological distress brought about by common somatic and affective symptoms. It has been validated for use in patients with history of TBI and is appropriate for use in primary care. Similar to a previous trial of PST for mTBI, its Global Severity Index (GSI) T-score will serve as the primary outcome measure. GSI T-scores range from 30-80, with lower scores signaling an overall lower level of psychological distress.
Time frame: Up to 24 weeks
Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R)
A brief test of verbal learning, recall, and recognition. Participants are read a word list over 3 learning trials, and are asked to recall as many words as possible after a 25-minute delay. Raw scores are converted to T-scores (range = \<20 to \>80), with higher scores signaling better verbal memory performance.
Time frame: Up to 24 weeks
Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI)
A 22-item checklist of affective, cognitive, and somatosensory symptoms commonly reported after concussion. Scores range from 0 to 88, with lower scores signaling lower overall symptom reports.
Time frame: Up to 24 weeks
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) Digit Span
A brief verbal attention test. Participants are presented with a sequence of digits and asked to repeat them forward and backward. Raw scores are converted to percentile ranks (range = \<1 to \>99); higher ranks signal better overall performance.
Time frame: Up to 24 weeks
World Health Organization Quality of Life - BREF (WHOQOL-BREF)
A 26-item abbreviated version of the full-length WHOQOL measure that evaluates disability and quality of life in domains such as social relationships, physical and mental health, and satisfaction with person-environment interactions. Raw scores are averaged to compute domain scores (range = 4-20), with higher scores signaling an overall higher quality of life.
Time frame: Up to 24 weeks
Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning (IPF)
An 80-item multidimensional measure of psychosocial functioning and impairment related to mental health symptoms. An overall total is calculated as the mean of all completed subscales, which include: romantic relationships, family, work, friendships and socializing, parenting, education, and self-care. Each domain scale yields a score ranging from 0-100, with higher scores indicating greater impairment.
Time frame: Up to 24 weeks
Applied Cognition-General Concerns-Short Form (ACGC-8a)
An 8-item checklist of general cognitive concerns over the past week. Items were generated and validated as part of the National Institute of Health's Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Raw scores are converted to T-scores (range = 23.3-62.7), with higher scores signaling relatively fewer cognitive concerns.
Time frame: Up to 24 weeks
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
A 9-item measure of cognitive, affective, and somatic depressive symptoms validated for use in primary care. Scores range from 0 to 27, with lower scores signaling lower mood symptoms.
Time frame: Up to 24 weeks
Applied Cognition-Abilities-Short Form (ACA-8a)
An 8-item checklist of self-perceived cognitive abilities over the past week, developed as part of the National Institute of Health's Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Raw scores are converted to T-scores (range = 27-64.8) with higher scores signaling higher perceived cognitive abilities.
Time frame: Up to 24 weeks
PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL5)
A 20-item measure of DSM-5 symptoms related to trauma, organized over re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal, and cognitive/mood domains. Score range from 0-80, with lower scores signaling less severe PTSD symptoms.
Time frame: Up to 24 weeks
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)
A 10-item measure of the frequency and severity of alcohol intake over the past year. Scores range from 0-40, with higher scores signaling more severe alcohol-related problems.
Time frame: Up to 24 weeks
Pain Symptom Survey (PEG)
A 3-item pain assessment that has been validated for use in VA patients. Respondents are asked to report their average level of pain, the average impact of pain on their ability to enjoy life, and the average level of interference on daily activities on a scale of 0 to 10. Ratings on each domain are averaged to calculate a composite score, which ranges from 0 to 10, with lower scores signaling lower overall pain.
Time frame: Up to 24 weeks
Patient Global Impressions of Change (PGIC)
A 7-point single-item rating scale that asks patients to rate their overall impression of response to treatment. Ratings range from "no change" to "a great deal better." Ratings range from 0 to 7, with higher ratings signaling greater perceived change in response to treatment.
Time frame: Up to 24 weeks
Community Reintegration of Service-Members (CRIS)
A comprehensive measure of community reintegration validated in Veterans with history of mTBI. It consists of 3 subscales that measure extent of participation, satisfaction with participation, and perceived limitations. Individual items are scored on a scale that ranges from 1 to 7, with higher scores signaling more favorable responses.
Time frame: Up to 24 weeks
Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST10)
A 10-item measure of substance misuse and associated functional impairment. Items are rated dichotomously (yes/no), with a total score that ranges from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate more severe substance use-related problems.
Time frame: Up to 24 weeks
Behavioral Health Measure-20 (BHM-20)
A brief measure of emotional distress and life functioning, normed for use in primary care. It consists of 3 subscales that measure general well-being, mental health symptoms, and life functioning. Global mental health scale scores range from 0 to 80, with higher scores signaling greater distress and impairment.
Time frame: Up to 12 weeks
Plan to share: Yes — Final data sets underlying all publications resulting from the proposed research will be shared outside VA. A Limited Dataset (LDS) will be created and shared pursuant to a Data Use Agreement (DUA) appropriately limiting use of the dataset and prohibiting the recipient from identifying or re-identifying (or taking steps to identify or re-identify) any individual whose data are included in the dataset.
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