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CompletedNCT05709873Updated Jun 30, 2026Results posted

Narcolepsy Nightmare Study

An interventional study of Imagery rehearsal therapy and Targeted dream control in Narcolepsy, Narcolepsy Type 1 and Narcolepsy With Cataplexy, sponsored by Northwestern University. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-06-30.

Sponsored by Northwestern University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment

Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
7
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
18 Years and older
Sex
All
01

Study summary

The goal of this clinical trial is to test two behavioral treatments for nightmares in adults with narcolepsy. The main questions it aims to answer are:

  • Is imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) effective for narcolepsy-related nightmares?
  • Does adding targeted dream control (TDC) to IRT make it more effective?

Participants will be randomized to one of two treatment groups and will be asked to:

  • Complete a daily log of sleep symptoms for up to 13 weeks.
  • Attend 7 sessions of treatment.
  • Complete questionnaires before and after treatment.
  • Go to the research lab in Evanston, IL to complete a sleep study during a daytime nap (Chicago area residents only).
02

Conditions studied

  • Narcolepsy
  • Narcolepsy Type 1
  • Narcolepsy With Cataplexy
  • Narcolepsy Type 2
  • Narcolepsy Without Cataplexy

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03

In context

Narcolepsy

157 studies on the registry are indexed under Narcolepsy; 37 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 7 is below the median of 78 across 114 interventional studies indexed under Narcolepsy.

Browse Narcolepsy studies →

Lead sponsor

Northwestern University is the lead sponsor of 1,423 studies on the registry; 198 are open to participants now.

Of its 105 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 78 (74%) have results posted.

Browse Northwestern University studies →

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years and older
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion Criteria (all participants):

  • Diagnosis of narcolepsy
  • Age 18 or older
  • Speak English
  • Live in the United States
  • Receiving standard medical care for narcolepsy
  • Sleep and psychiatric medications stable for at least 3 months
  • Nightmare frequency of ≥3 times per week
  • Nightmare Disorder Index score indicates probable nightmare disorder

Inclusion Criteria (Chicago area participants):

  • Able to attend a study appointment in Evanston, IL
  • Able and willing to not take wake-promoting medications on day of lab visit

Exclusion Criteria:

  • History of a neurological disorder that might alter EEG
  • Currently engaged in sleep- or trauma-focused psychotherapy
  • Previous behavioral treatment for nightmares
  • Medical, psychiatric, or cognitive condition which would interfere with ability to engage in the treatment
  • Untreated sleep apnea (AHI ≥ 5)
05

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
None (open label)
Enrollment
7 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT)

    Participants randomized to this group will receive 7 sessions of IRT.

    Behavioral: Imagery rehearsal therapy

  • Experimental
    Imagery rehearsal therapy and targeted dream control (IRT+TDC)

    Participants randomized to this group will receive 7 sessions of IRT+TDC.

    Behavioral: Imagery rehearsal therapy · Behavioral: Targeted dream control

Interventions

  • BehavioralImagery rehearsal therapy

    Therapy to reduce nightmares, delivered via videoconference sessions

    Also known as: IRT

  • BehavioralTargeted dream control

    Therapy to reduce nightmares, delivered in videoconference sessions and lab session. Lab session will involve a sleep study during a daytime nap.

    Also known as: TDC

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Nightmare Frequency

    Frequency of nightmares as measured by daily diary

    Time frame: Baseline (assessed daily for 2 or 4 weeks) and posttreatment (assessed daily for 2 weeks beginning in week 9 or 11)

  2. Disturbing Dream and Nightmare Severity Scale

    Measures nightmare severity. Minimum = 0, maximum = 37. Higher scores represent a worse severity of nightmares.

    Time frame: Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)

Secondary outcomes

  1. Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety Scale

    Measures symptoms using Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) with higher scores reflecting more anxiety symptoms (worse outcome). Population mean (T-score) of 50 with a standard deviation of 10.

    Time frame: Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)

  2. Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Depression Scale

    Measures symptoms using Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) with higher scores reflecting more depressive symptoms (worse outcome). Population mean (T-score) of 50 with a standard deviation of 10.

    Time frame: Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)

Other outcomes

  1. Dream Enactment Frequency

    Frequency of dream enactment as measured by daily diary

    Time frame: Baseline (assessed daily for 2 or 4 weeks) and posttreatment (assessed daily for 2 weeks beginning in week 9 or 11)

  2. Sleep Talking Frequency

    Frequency of sleep talking as measured by daily diary

    Time frame: Baseline (assessed daily for 2 or 4 weeks) and posttreatment (assessed daily for 2 weeks beginning in week 9 or 11)

  3. Lucid Dreams Without Control Frequency

    Frequency of lucid dreams without control as measured by daily diary

    Time frame: Baseline (assessed daily for 2 or 4 weeks) and posttreatment (assessed daily for 2 weeks beginning in week 9 or 11)

  4. Lucid Dreams With Control Frequency

    Frequency of lucid dreams with control as measured by daily diary

    Time frame: Baseline (assessed daily for 2 or 4 weeks) and posttreatment (assessed daily for 2 weeks beginning in week 9 or 11)

  5. Sleep-related Hallucinations Frequency

    Frequency of sleep-related hallucinations as measured by daily diary

    Time frame: Baseline (assessed daily for 2 or 4 weeks) and posttreatment (assessed daily for 2 weeks beginning in week 9 or 11)

  6. Sleep Paralysis Frequency

    Frequency of sleep paralysis as measured by daily diary

    Time frame: Baseline (assessed daily for 2 or 4 weeks) and posttreatment (assessed daily for 2 weeks beginning in week 9 or 11)

  7. Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) General Self-Efficacy

    Measures symptoms using Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) with higher scores reflecting more self-efficacy (better outcome). Population mean (T-score) of 50 with a standard deviation of 10.

    Time frame: Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)

  8. Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Self-Efficacy for Managing Symptoms

    Measures symptoms using Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) with higher scores reflecting more self-efficacy (better outcome). Population mean (T-score) of 50 with a standard deviation of 10.

    Time frame: Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)

  9. Nightmare Disorder Index

    Measures nightmare severity. Minimum = 0, maximum = 20. Higher scores represent a worse severity of nightmares.

    Time frame: Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)

  10. Epworth Sleepiness Scale

    Measures daytime sleepiness. Minimum = 0, maximum = 24. Higher scores represent worse daytime sleepiness.

    Time frame: Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)

  11. Hypersomnia Severity Index

    Measures the severity of hypersomnia symptoms. Minimum = 0, maximum = 36. Higher scores represent worse symptoms.

    Time frame: Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)

  12. Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire-10

    Measures daytime functioning related to hypersomnia. Minimum = 5, maximum = 20. Higher scores represent better functioning.

    Time frame: Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)

  13. Paris Arousal Disorders Severity Scale

    Measures the severity of non-REM parasomnia symptoms. Minimum = 0, maximum = 50. Higher scores represent worse symptoms.

    Time frame: Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)

  14. Lucid Dream Skills Questionnaire (LUSK)

    The Lucid Dream Skills Questionnaire (LUSK) measures the frequency of lucid dreaming. The LUSK total score ranges from 0-4 (the mean of the item scores), with higher scores representing a higher frequency of lucid dreaming. In general, a higher frequency of lucid dreaming is not inherently "better" or "worse." For the purpose of this trial, one of the intervention components (Targeted Dream Control) attempted to increase lucid dreaming, so a higher score for this trial would indicate an improvement.

    Time frame: Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)

  15. Dream Delusions Scale

    Measures the severity of dream delusions. Minimum = 0, maximum = 12. Higher scores represent worse dream delusions.

    Time frame: Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)

07

Results

Posted Jun 30, 2026

Participant flow

Participant flow — Overall Study
MilestoneImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Started43
Completed33
Not completed10
Withdrew: Lost to follow-up10

Outcome measures

PrimaryNightmare Frequency

Frequency of nightmares as measured by daily diary

Time frame:
Baseline (assessed daily for 2 or 4 weeks) and posttreatment (assessed daily for 2 weeks beginning in week 9 or 11)
Reported as:
Mean · nightmares per week
Nightmare Frequency
nightmares per weekImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline12.75 ± 8.134.00 ± 1.39
Posttreatment2.00 ± 1.002.50 ± 2.60
PrimaryDisturbing Dream and Nightmare Severity Scale

Measures nightmare severity. Minimum = 0, maximum = 37. Higher scores represent a worse severity of nightmares.

Time frame:
Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Disturbing Dream and Nightmare Severity Scale
score on a scaleImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline23.67 ± 8.0218.33 ± 2.89
Posttreatment12.33 ± 4.165.33 ± 1.15
SecondaryPatient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety Scale

Measures symptoms using Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) with higher scores reflecting more anxiety symptoms (worse outcome). Population mean (T-score) of 50 with a standard deviation of 10.

Time frame:
Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety Scale
score on a scaleImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline58.80 ± 10.9150.33 ± 8.03
Posttreatment56.53 ± 9.4248.70 ± 4.47
SecondaryPatient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Depression Scale

Measures symptoms using Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) with higher scores reflecting more depressive symptoms (worse outcome). Population mean (T-score) of 50 with a standard deviation of 10.

Time frame:
Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Depression Scale
score on a scaleImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline56.33 ± 3.6950.27 ± 5.28
Posttreatment55.07 ± 4.4747.37 ± 9.19
Other pre-specifiedDream Enactment Frequency

Frequency of dream enactment as measured by daily diary

Time frame:
Baseline (assessed daily for 2 or 4 weeks) and posttreatment (assessed daily for 2 weeks beginning in week 9 or 11)
Reported as:
Mean · dream enactment episodes per week
Dream Enactment Frequency
dream enactment episodes per weekImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline2.17 ± 2.571.42 ± 1.28
Posttreatment1.00 ± 1.731.17 ± 1.61
Other pre-specifiedSleep Talking Frequency

Frequency of sleep talking as measured by daily diary

Time frame:
Baseline (assessed daily for 2 or 4 weeks) and posttreatment (assessed daily for 2 weeks beginning in week 9 or 11)
Reported as:
Mean · sleep talking episodes per week
Sleep Talking Frequency
sleep talking episodes per weekImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline12.92 ± 9.641.08 ± 1.66
Posttreatment0.17 ± 0.290.83 ± 1.44
Other pre-specifiedLucid Dreams Without Control Frequency

Frequency of lucid dreams without control as measured by daily diary

Time frame:
Baseline (assessed daily for 2 or 4 weeks) and posttreatment (assessed daily for 2 weeks beginning in week 9 or 11)
Reported as:
Mean · episodes per week
Lucid Dreams Without Control Frequency
episodes per weekImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline3.83 ± 3.513.08 ± 3.84
Posttreatment1.83 ± 1.443.67 ± 5.92
Other pre-specifiedLucid Dreams With Control Frequency

Frequency of lucid dreams with control as measured by daily diary

Time frame:
Baseline (assessed daily for 2 or 4 weeks) and posttreatment (assessed daily for 2 weeks beginning in week 9 or 11)
Reported as:
Mean · episodes per week
Lucid Dreams With Control Frequency
episodes per weekImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline2.42 ± 3.972.83 ± 4.91
Posttreatment3.50 ± 6.065.67 ± 9.81
Other pre-specifiedSleep-related Hallucinations Frequency

Frequency of sleep-related hallucinations as measured by daily diary

Time frame:
Baseline (assessed daily for 2 or 4 weeks) and posttreatment (assessed daily for 2 weeks beginning in week 9 or 11)
Reported as:
Mean · sleep-related hallucinations per week
Sleep-related Hallucinations Frequency
sleep-related hallucinations per weekImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline7.58 ± 8.321.50 ± 2.60
Posttreatment1.00 ± 1.001.17 ± 2.02
Other pre-specifiedSleep Paralysis Frequency

Frequency of sleep paralysis as measured by daily diary

Time frame:
Baseline (assessed daily for 2 or 4 weeks) and posttreatment (assessed daily for 2 weeks beginning in week 9 or 11)
Reported as:
Mean · sleep paralysis episodes per week
Sleep Paralysis Frequency
sleep paralysis episodes per weekImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline2.00 ± 1.801.00 ± 1.32
Posttreatment0.83 ± 1.440.50 ± 0.00
Other pre-specifiedPatient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) General Self-Efficacy

Measures symptoms using Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) with higher scores reflecting more self-efficacy (better outcome). Population mean (T-score) of 50 with a standard deviation of 10.

Time frame:
Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) General Self-Efficacy
score on a scaleImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline51.57 ± 7.8749.83 ± 4.74
Posttreatment53.97 ± 5.7450.17 ± 6.52
Other pre-specifiedPatient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Self-Efficacy for Managing Symptoms

Measures symptoms using Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) with higher scores reflecting more self-efficacy (better outcome). Population mean (T-score) of 50 with a standard deviation of 10.

Time frame:
Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Self-Efficacy for Managing Symptoms
score on a scaleImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline35.77 ± 3.7240.53 ± 1.44
Posttreatment40.60 ± 2.9543.13 ± 3.19
Other pre-specifiedNightmare Disorder Index

Measures nightmare severity. Minimum = 0, maximum = 20. Higher scores represent a worse severity of nightmares.

Time frame:
Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Nightmare Disorder Index
score on a scaleImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline13.33 ± 1.5311.00 ± 1.73
Posttreatment8.33 ± 1.157.33 ± 1.15
Other pre-specifiedEpworth Sleepiness Scale

Measures daytime sleepiness. Minimum = 0, maximum = 24. Higher scores represent worse daytime sleepiness.

Time frame:
Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Epworth Sleepiness Scale
score on a scaleImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline14.33 ± 4.0419.00 ± 5.00
Posttreatment14.00 ± 3.6118.33 ± 5.51
Other pre-specifiedHypersomnia Severity Index

Measures the severity of hypersomnia symptoms. Minimum = 0, maximum = 36. Higher scores represent worse symptoms.

Time frame:
Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Hypersomnia Severity Index
score on a scaleImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline28.67 ± 5.1323.00 ± 4.00
Posttreatment25.00 ± 6.0821.33 ± 6.66
Other pre-specifiedFunctional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire-10

Measures daytime functioning related to hypersomnia. Minimum = 5, maximum = 20. Higher scores represent better functioning.

Time frame:
Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire-10
score on a scaleImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline10.78 ± 3.9110.44 ± 1.59
Posttreatment12.72 ± 1.5811.17 ± 2.35
Other pre-specifiedParis Arousal Disorders Severity Scale

Measures the severity of non-REM parasomnia symptoms. Minimum = 0, maximum = 50. Higher scores represent worse symptoms.

Time frame:
Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Paris Arousal Disorders Severity Scale
score on a scaleImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline19.33 ± 2.319.67 ± 4.04
Posttreatment10.00 ± 1.006.33 ± 5.51
Other pre-specifiedLucid Dream Skills Questionnaire (LUSK)

The Lucid Dream Skills Questionnaire (LUSK) measures the frequency of lucid dreaming. The LUSK total score ranges from 0-4 (the mean of the item scores), with higher scores representing a higher frequency of lucid dreaming. In general, a higher frequency of lucid dreaming is not inherently "better" or "worse." For the purpose of this trial, one of the intervention components (Targeted Dream Control) attempted to increase lucid dreaming, so a higher score for this trial would indicate an improvement.

Time frame:
Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Lucid Dream Skills Questionnaire (LUSK)
score on a scaleImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline1.30 ± 1.301.37 ± 0.74
Posttreatment1.27 ± 1.361.53 ± 0.55
Other pre-specifiedDream Delusions Scale

Measures the severity of dream delusions. Minimum = 0, maximum = 12. Higher scores represent worse dream delusions.

Time frame:
Baseline and posttreatment (up to 13 weeks)
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Dream Delusions Scale
score on a scaleImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Baseline5.00 ± 1.001.67 ± 2.89
Posttreatment2.67 ± 1.531.00 ± 1.73

Adverse events

Collected over 11-13 weeks. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.

Adverse event summary by group
GroupDeathsSeriousOther
Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)0/3 (0%)0/3 (0%)1/3 (33.3%)
Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)0/3 (0%)0/3 (0%)0/3 (0%)
Most frequent other events
Most frequent other events
EventImagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)
Twisted ankleMusculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders1/30/3

Baseline characteristics

Completed participants included

Age, Categorical
Age, Categorical(Participants)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)Total
<=18 years000
Between 18 and 65 years336
>=65 years000
Sex: Female, Male
Sex: Female, Male(Participants)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)Total
Female336
Male000
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)(Participants)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)Total
Hispanic or Latino011
Not Hispanic or Latino325
Unknown or Not Reported000
Race (NIH/OMB)
Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Targeted Dream Control (IRT+TDC)Total
American Indian or Alaska Native000
Asian000
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander000
Black or African American000
White336
More than one race000
Unknown or Not Reported000
08

Study locations

1 site
  • Northwestern University
    Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
09

References and documents

Study documents

PDFs hosted by the registry, ClinicalTrials.gov.

10

Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Jun 30, 2026, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
11

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT05709873
Lead sponsor
Northwestern University
Responsible party
Jennifer Mundt, PhD (Professor, Northwestern University) — Principal investigator
First posted
Feb 2, 2023
Start date
Feb 22, 2023
Primary completion
Apr 30, 2024
Completion
Apr 30, 2024
Results posted
Jun 30, 2026
Last update
Jun 30, 2026

Study contacts

Jennifer Mundt, PhD
principal investigator · Northwestern University

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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