An interventional study of • Blended treatment for AjD combining a self-applied Internet-based program (TAO) with face-to-face sessions via videoconference. in Adjustment Disorders, sponsored by Universitat Jaume I. Completed at 1 site in Spain. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-02-10.
Sponsored by Universitat Jaume I · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment
The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility (including usability and satisfaction) and preliminary effectiveness of a blended intervention for Adjustment Disorder. This intervention combines a self-applied Internet-based program (TAO) with face-to-face sessions with a therapist via videoconference.
Adjustment disorder (AjD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed disorders in clinical practice. However, although there is still no evidence-based treatment for this problem, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most studied. Internet-based treatments emerge as an alternative to reach more people in need while reducing intervention costs. However, high drop-out rates in this format highlight the need to develop new ways of delivering treatments. The present study aims to test a blended treatment for AjD that combines a self-applied CBT programme online (TAO: Adjustment Disorder Online) with face-to-face sessions with a therapist via videoconference every 10-12 days. Only one treatment group has been included and patients will be evaluated at pre-treatment, post-treatment and follow-up (3 and 12 months).
The study will be conducted following the extension of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement for pilot and feasibility studies (Eldridge et al., 2016), the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials of Electronic and Mobile Health Applications and online TeleHealth guidelines (Eysenbach, 2011), and the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines (Chan et al., 2013a; 2013b).
Specific objectives of the study include: (1) To analyse the feasibility of different recruitment and data collection methods (e.g., how broad or restrictive are the eligibility criteria, how willing are patients to participate, time needed to collect data), (2) To explore reasons for non-participation and drop-outs from treatment, (3) To assess patient satisfaction and acceptance of treatment (both quantitatively and qualitatively), (4) In addition, as a secondary objective to explore the potential effectiveness of the treatment at post-treatment and follow-up.
63 studies on the registry are indexed under Adjustment Disorders; 13 are open to participants now.
This study's enrollment of 41 is below the median of 100 across 52 interventional studies indexed under Adjustment Disorders.
Browse Adjustment Disorders studies →Universitat Jaume I is the lead sponsor of 80 studies on the registry; 19 are open to participants now.
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Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
Informed consent
Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Blended intervention for AjD. Main components: psychoeducation, techniques for regulating emotions, exposure, problem-solving techniques, Mindfulness, acceptance and elaboration of the stressful event, positive psychology strategies and relapse prevention.
Behavioral: • Blended treatment for AjD combining a self-applied Internet-based program (TAO) with face-to-face sessions via videoconference.
The self-applied Internet-based program called TAO is accessible online from the platform https://psicologiaytecnologia.labpsitec.es. It is organised into 7 sequential modules of approximately 60 minutes. The patient will do a treatment module every 10-12 days, plus an individual session via videoconference with a therapist (approximately 20-30 minutes long). During these sessions, the therapist will explain the main contents of each module, resolve doubts and motivate the patient to continue with the therapy. It takes about 12 weeks to complete the intervention. TAO is the optimised version of the original intervention protocol for AjD developed by Botella et al. by Botella et al. (2008) and includes the following therapeutic components: psychoeducation, emotion regulation techniques, exposure, problem-solving techniques, Mindfulness, acceptance and elaboration of the stressful event, positive psychology strategies and relapse prevention.
Participants' adherence to the intervention.
Drop-outs rates (and reasons), number of modules completed, number of times participants enter treatment, time spent in treatment and whether they do reviews.
Time frame: At post-treatment (approximately 12 weeks from the beginning).
Expectations and Satisfaction Questionnaire adapted from Borkovec and Nau (1972).
This questionnaire consists of two different scales. Both include 6 items with a response scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 10 (completely). One of the scales refers to the expectations about the treatment and it is administered before starting the treatment once an explanation about it has been carried out. The other scale refers to the patients' opinion once they have finished the intervention.
Time frame: At pre-treatment (before starting the intervention), at post-treatment (approximately 12 weeks from the beginning), and follow-ups (3 and 12 months).
Opinion Questionnaire about the intervention
It assesses participants' opinion about TAO online program, the videoconference sessions with the therapist and the blended format. The questions refer to the satisfaction and usefulness of these components using a response scale from 0 to 10 and open-ended opinion questions.
Time frame: At post-treatment (approximately 12 weeks from the beginning).
Working Alliance Inventory for guided Internet Interventions (WAI-I) adapted from Horvath and Greenberg (1989).
The WAI-I scale assesses the different components of therapeutic alliance according to Bordin (1979). This version is adapted for internet-based treatments and consists of 12 items with a response scale from 1 (never) to 7 (always).
Time frame: At post-treatment (approximately 12 weeks from the beginning).
Usability System Scale (SUS; Bangor et al., 2008; Brooke,1996).
This scale assesses the usability of a service or product and the acceptance by the users. It consists of 10 items with a response scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Time frame: At post-treatment (approximately 12 weeks from the beginning).
Change in Adjustment Disorder New Module-20 (ADNM-20; Einsle et al., 2010).
Self-report based on ICD-11 diagnostic criteria for AjD. It includes a list of stressful events and another of symptoms. Patients' symptomatology is evaluated in reference to the stressful event that they consider most interferes with them. It uses a response scale from 1 (never) to 4 (frequently). Higher scores indicate greater symptomatology. Lorenz et al. (2016) suggest that a cut off at 47.5 can differentiate between people with low and high risk of AjD.
Time frame: At pre-treatment (before starting the intervention), at post-treatment (approximately 12 weeks from the beginning), and follow-ups (3 and 12 months).
Change in the Loss and Stress Inventory (IEP) (Quero et al., 2019).
The IEP consists of 17 items that assess the intensity with which a situation or person lost as a result of the stressful event interferes with the patient's life. It uses a response scale from 0 (never) to 4 (always).
Time frame: At pre-treatment (before starting the intervention), at post-treatment (approximately 12 weeks from the beginning), and follow-ups (3 and 12 months).
Change in the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS trait) (Watson et al., 1988; Díaz-García et al., 2020).
The PANAS assesses two dimensions of mood (positive affect and negative affect). It consists of 20 items describing different emotions or feelings. The patient must respond to the extent to which he or she usually feels the way each expression, using a response scale from 1 (not at all or hardly at all) to 5 (very much).
Time frame: At pre-treatment (before starting the intervention), at post-treatment (approximately 12 weeks from the beginning), and follow-ups (3 and 12 months).
Change in the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) (Tadeschi and Calhoun,1996; Weiss et al., 2006).
This measure includes 21 items that assess positive psychological change following an adverse or traumatic experience. It uses a response scale ranging from 0 (I did not experience this change as a result of the crisis) to 5 (I experienced this change to a great extent).
Time frame: At pre-treatment (before starting the intervention), at post-treatment (approximately 12 weeks from the beginning), and follow-ups (3 and 12 months).
Change in the Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS) (Norman et al., 2006; González-Robles et al., 2018).
The OASIS measures the frequency and severity of anxiety symptoms, as well as the degree of avoidance and interference. It consists of 5 items with a response scale from 0 to 4. Higher scores indicate greater severity or frequency of symptomatology.
Time frame: At pre-treatment (before starting the intervention), at post-treatment (approximately 12 weeks from the beginning), and follow-ups (3 and 12 months).
Change in the Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale (ODSIS; Norman et al., 2006; Mira et al., 2019).
The ODSIS measures the frequency and severity of depressive symptoms, as well as the degree of avoidance and interference. It consists of 5 items with a response scale from 0 to 4. One additional item has been included to assess suicide ideation. Higher scores indicate greater severity or frequency of symptomatology.
Time frame: At pre-treatment (before starting the intervention), at post-treatment (approximately 12 weeks from the beginning), and follow-ups (3 and 12 months).
Change in efficacy measures after each treatment module.
First, patients answer questions about their mood. They are asked to select the face with the emotional expression that best reflects how they are feeling at that moment. Then, they are presented with a list of emotions and must indicate the extent to which they feel each emotion using a scale ranging from "not at all" to "totally". Finally, they are asked how they feel at the end of the module compared to how they felt before they started it. After these questions, changes in self-efficacy, acceptance of the stressful event, openness to future experiences and satisfaction with the module are assessed using a response scale from 0 to 10.
Time frame: After each treatment module (i.e. 7 times) for approximately 12 weeks.
Change in the Purpose-in-Life Test-10 Items (PIL-10) (Crumbaugh and Maholick, 1964; García-Alandete et al., 2013).
This 10-item instrument assesses different aspects of meaning in life. It uses a response scale from 1 to 7, with higher scores indicating greater meaning of life.
Time frame: At pre-treatment (before starting the intervention), at post-treatment (approximately 12 weeks from the beginning), and follow-ups (3 and 12 months).
Change in the Quality of Life Inventory (QLI) (Mezzich et al., 1986; Mezzich et al., 2000).
This measure includes 10 items that assess patients' quality of life in different areas and globally. It uses a response scale from 1 (poor) to 10 (excellent).
Time frame: At pre-treatment (before starting the intervention), at post-treatment (approximately 12 weeks from the beginning), and follow-ups (3 and 12 months).
Plan to share: No
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