An interventional study of Infant and young child feeding voice messaging intervention in Diet, Healthy and Anemia, sponsored by Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Completed at 1 site in Senegal. Open to participants aged 6 Months to 23 Months, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2024-12-30.
Sponsored by Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey · Not applicable, Interventional, and Prevention
This project will examine the impact of an infant and young child feeding (IYCF) voice messaging intervention delivered to mothers and fathers in Senegal on the consumption of a minimum acceptable diet and anemia prevalence in their children.
This is a cluster-randomized control trial (cRCT) conducted with 488 mother, father, and child triads in 104 villages in three regions in Senegal: Thies, Diourbel and Fatick. Mothers and fathers in the experimental group will receive 16 voice and text messages over the course of 16 weeks. One voice and 1 text message with the same content will be sent per week over the 16 week period. We will include eight scripted messages which have previously been piloted. We will also include eight unscripted messages from positive deviants from communities similar to our study population that were included in our pilot study. A text message with the same content as the voice message will be sent to each triad mother and father to increase the reach of the intervention. We will conduct baseline and endline assessments of infant and young child feeding practices in both the experimental and control groups. Primary outcomes will include the prevalence of anemia and minimum acceptable diet in children. Minimum acceptable diet is an indicator of dietary diversity and a proxy for nutrient adequacy. Secondary outcomes include the frequency of consuming key foods targeted in the intervention over the previous 7 days and infant and young child feeding indicators of complementary feeding of the child. In addition, infant and young child feeding knowledge, beliefs, and norms (of mothers and fathers in triads) and intentions (of mothers in triads) will be included as secondary outcomes.
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Exclusion Criteria:
-Does not meet study inclusion criteria
The control group will not receive any intervention. After the endline data collection is completed, the intervention will be delivered to the control group.
The voice messaging intervention group will receive voice/text messages for a period of 16 weeks.
Behavioral: Infant and young child feeding voice messaging intervention
A mobile voice and text messaging intervention aimed at improving IYCF practices will be delivered to mothers and fathers with young children (6-23 months). A total of 16 voice and text message, with the same content, will be sent over a 16-week period (1 voice + 1 text messages (with same content) per week x 16 weeks). Two types of messages will be included: 1) eight scripted and 2) eight unscripted messages from positive deviants. The content of the messages include: breastfeeding until two years of age, consuming a variety of foods within a given meal, the consistency of porridge (thick rather than thin), limiting sweets and fried foods, the importance of animal source foods, consuming vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables, consuming leafy greens, handwashing and feeding infants and young children fruits and vegetables produced by the household.
Number of Children Who Consume a Minimum Acceptable Diet
The minimum acceptable diet indicator will be used to assess diet quality in children. A list-based recall will be used to assess dietary intake over the previous day. The 24-hour recall will be used to calculate minimum dietary diversity (MDD) (consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables) and minimum meal frequency (MMF) (2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months). Children who meet the thresholds for both MDD and MMF are defined as consuming a MAD, based on the WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicator.
Time frame: At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Anemia Prevalence of Children
Hemocue Hb301 machines to measure hemoglobin levels in children in order to determine anemia prevalence using the WHO cut-offs: mild 10 ≤ hb \< 11 g/dl; moderate 7 ≤ hb \< 10 d/dl and severe hb \< 7 g/dl. A finger prick will be used to obtain a drop of capillary blood that is placed on a cuvette and inserted in the Hemocue machine to obtain an on-the-spot assessment of hemoglobin levels.
Time frame: At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Change in Percentage of Children Consuming a Minimum Acceptable Diet Between Baseline and Endline
The change in percentage of children meeting the minimum acceptable diet indicator between baseline and endline will be used to assess diet quality in children. A list-based recall will be used to assess dietary intake over the previous day. The 24-hour recall will be used to calculate minimum dietary diversity (MDD) (consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables) and minimum meal frequency (MMF) (2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months). Children who meet the thresholds for both MDD and MMF are defined as consuming a MAD, based on the WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicator.
Time frame: Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Change in Percentage of Children With Anemia Between Baseline and Endline
We will use Hemocue Hb301 machines to measure hemoglobin levels in children in order to determine anemia prevalence using the WHO cut-offs: mild 10 ≤ hb \< 11 g/dl; moderate 7 ≤ hb \< 10 d/dl and severe hb \< 7 g/dl. A finger prick will be used to obtain a drop of capillary blood that is placed on a cuvette and inserted in the Hemocue machine to obtain an on-the-spot assessment of hemoglobin levels. The change in child anemia prevalence between baseline and endline will be examined (calculated as endline-baseline/baseline\*100).
Time frame: Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Frequency of Child Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days
The frequency of the child consuming specific foods targeted in the intervention over the course of the previous week (7 days) will be assessed. More specifically, the number of times that the following foods have been consumed will be assessed: animal source foods, leafy greens, orange colored fruits and vegetables, thick porridge, porridge mixed with nutrient-rich foods, sweets and sugary drinks, fried foods.
Time frame: At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators
The WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicators will be used to assess feeding practices. Mothers will be asked about feeding practices as part of the household surveys. The indicators include: ever breastfed, early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusively breastfed for the first two days after birth, bottle feeding 0-23 months, continued breastfeeding 12-23 months, introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods 6-8 months, egg and/or flesh food consumption, sweet beverage consumption, unhealthy food consumption, and zero vegetable or fruit. The proportion of children being fed according to the detailed descriptions of these indicators will be assessed based on the WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicator manual.
Time frame: At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions
IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions will be assessed using survey questions based on the components of the intervention. Both mothers and fathers will be asked the survey questions as part of the household survey. The questions are grounded in the theory of planned behavior and based on previously published IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions questions. The questions have been pilot tested by the project PI.
Time frame: At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Number of Children Consuming Minimum Meal Frequency
Minimum meal frequency of (semi) solid or soft foods is assessed by examining the proportion of young children consuming foods: 2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months)
Time frame: At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Number of Children Consuming Minimum Dietary Diversity
The proportion of young children consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables)
Time frame: At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Percent Change in Frequency of Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days
The percent change (calculated as endline-baseline/baseline) in the frequency of consuming specific foods targeted in the intervention over the course of the previous week (7 days) will be assessed between baseline and endline. More specifically, the number of times that the following foods have been consumed will be assessed: animal source foods, leafy greens, orange colored fruits and vegetables, thick porridge, porridge mixed with nutrient-rich foods, sweets and sugary drinks, fried foods.
Time frame: Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Recommended Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators
The change in percentage of children being fed according to the recommended IYCF practices between baseline and endline. The WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicators will be used to assess feeding practices. Mothers will be asked about feeding practices as part of the household surveys. The indicators include: ever breastfed, early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusively breastfed for the first two days after birth, bottle feeding 0-23 months, continued breastfeeding 12-23 months, introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods 6-8 months, egg and/or flesh food consumption, sweet beverage consumption, unhealthy food consumption, and zero vegetable or fruit.
Time frame: Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Minimum Meal Frequency Indicator
The change in the percentage of children meeting the minimum meal frequency (MMF) indicator between baseline and endline will be assessed. Minimum meal frequency of (semi) solid or soft foods is assessed by examining the proportion of young children consuming foods: 2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months.
Time frame: Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Minimum Dietary Diversity
The change in the percentage of young children consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables) between baseline and endline.
Time frame: Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions
The change in percentage of mothers/fathers with specific IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions between baseline and endline will be assessed using survey questions based on the components of the intervention. Mothers will be asked the survey questions as part of the household survey. The questions are grounded in the theory of planned behavior and based on previously published IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions questions.
Time frame: Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
We recruited triads (mother, father and child) for this study. The intervention was delivered to mothers and fathers in the triad and the study outcomes were primarily measured in the child.
| Milestone | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention |
|---|---|---|
| Started | 455 | 632 |
| Child participants started study | 205 | 283 |
| Mother participants started study | 205 | 283 |
| Father participants started study | 45 | 66 |
| Child participants completed the study | 205 | 283 |
| Mother participants completed the study | 205 | 283 |
| Father participants completed the study | 28 | 48 |
| Completed | 438 | 614 |
| Not completed | 17 | 18 |
| Withdrew: Lost to follow-up | 17 | 18 |
The minimum acceptable diet indicator will be used to assess diet quality in children. A list-based recall will be used to assess dietary intake over the previous day. The 24-hour recall will be used to calculate minimum dietary diversity (MDD) (consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables) and minimum meal frequency (MMF) (2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months). Children who meet the thresholds for both MDD and MMF are defined as consuming a MAD, based on the WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicator.
| Participants | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention |
|---|---|---|
| Consumed minimum acceptable diet (MAD) | 67 | 92 |
| Did not consume minimum acceptable diet | 138 | 191 |
Hemocue Hb301 machines to measure hemoglobin levels in children in order to determine anemia prevalence using the WHO cut-offs: mild 10 ≤ hb \< 11 g/dl; moderate 7 ≤ hb \< 10 d/dl and severe hb \< 7 g/dl. A finger prick will be used to obtain a drop of capillary blood that is placed on a cuvette and inserted in the Hemocue machine to obtain an on-the-spot assessment of hemoglobin levels.
| Participants | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention |
|---|---|---|
| Anemia | 123 | 154 |
| No anemia | 47 | 82 |
The change in percentage of children meeting the minimum acceptable diet indicator between baseline and endline will be used to assess diet quality in children. A list-based recall will be used to assess dietary intake over the previous day. The 24-hour recall will be used to calculate minimum dietary diversity (MDD) (consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables) and minimum meal frequency (MMF) (2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months). Children who meet the thresholds for both MDD and MMF are defined as consuming a MAD, based on the WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicator.
| percent of participants | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Percentage of Children Consuming a Minimum Acceptable Diet Between Baseline and Endline | 18.5 | 23.7 |
We will use Hemocue Hb301 machines to measure hemoglobin levels in children in order to determine anemia prevalence using the WHO cut-offs: mild 10 ≤ hb \< 11 g/dl; moderate 7 ≤ hb \< 10 d/dl and severe hb \< 7 g/dl. A finger prick will be used to obtain a drop of capillary blood that is placed on a cuvette and inserted in the Hemocue machine to obtain an on-the-spot assessment of hemoglobin levels. The change in child anemia prevalence between baseline and endline will be examined (calculated as endline-baseline/baseline\*100).
| percent of participants | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Percentage of Children With Anemia Between Baseline and Endline | 2.9 | -3.8 |
The frequency of the child consuming specific foods targeted in the intervention over the course of the previous week (7 days) will be assessed. More specifically, the number of times that the following foods have been consumed will be assessed: animal source foods, leafy greens, orange colored fruits and vegetables, thick porridge, porridge mixed with nutrient-rich foods, sweets and sugary drinks, fried foods.
| Times key foods consumed in past 7 days | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention |
|---|---|---|
| Frequency of consuming orange fruits and/or vegetables over past 7 days | 4.7 ± 2.85 | 4.97 ± 2.77 |
| Frequency of consuming animal source foods over past 7 days | 4.40 ± 2.94 | 4.55 ± 2.93 |
| Frequency of consuming leafy greens over past 7 days | 2.03 ± 2.79 | 2.05 ± 2.6 |
| Frequency of consuming thick porridge over past 7 days | 8.88 ± 13.95 | 9.51 ± 14.31 |
| Frequency of consuming porridge mixed with nutrient rich foods over past 7 days | 3.47 ± 4.49 | 3.51 ± 4.40 |
| Frequency of consuming sugary foods over the past 7 days | 6.72 ± 5.25 | 6.52 ± 5.16 |
| Frequency of consuming fried foods over the past 7 days | 1.77 ± 2.48 | 1.69 ± 2.52 |
The WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicators will be used to assess feeding practices. Mothers will be asked about feeding practices as part of the household surveys. The indicators include: ever breastfed, early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusively breastfed for the first two days after birth, bottle feeding 0-23 months, continued breastfeeding 12-23 months, introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods 6-8 months, egg and/or flesh food consumption, sweet beverage consumption, unhealthy food consumption, and zero vegetable or fruit. The proportion of children being fed according to the detailed descriptions of these indicators will be assessed based on the WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicator manual.
| Participants | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention |
|---|---|---|
| Bottle feeding — Yes | 10 | 18 |
| Bottle feeding — No | 167 | 221 |
| Egg and/or flesh food consumption — Yes | 123 | 168 |
| Egg and/or flesh food consumption — No | 82 | 115 |
| Sweet beverage consumption — Yes | 93 | 178 |
| Sweet beverage consumption — No | 112 | 105 |
| Unhealthy food consumption — Yes | 107 | 156 |
| Unhealthy food consumption — No | 98 | 127 |
| Zero vegetable or fruit consumption — Yes | 25 | 25 |
| Zero vegetable or fruit consumption — No | 180 | 258 |
IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions will be assessed using survey questions based on the components of the intervention. Both mothers and fathers will be asked the survey questions as part of the household survey. The questions are grounded in the theory of planned behavior and based on previously published IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions questions. The questions have been pilot tested by the project PI.
| Participants | Control Group: Mothers in Triad | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Mothers in Triad | Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients — Strongly agree | 93 | 113 | 15 | 25 |
| Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients — Agree | 69 | 101 | 12 | 22 |
| Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients — Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 11 | 16 | 1 | 1 |
| Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients — Disagree | 4 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients — Strongly disagree | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia — Strongly agree | 86 | 121 | 15 | 23 |
| Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia — Agree | 83 | 111 | 13 | 24 |
| Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia — Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 6 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia — Disagree | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia — Strongly disagree | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development — Strongly agree | 76 | 103 | 15 | 23 |
| Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development — Agree | 74 | 83 | 9 | 20 |
| Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development — Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 6 | 13 | 1 | 0 |
| Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development — Disagree | 16 | 36 | 3 | 5 |
| Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development — Strongly disagree | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness — Strongly agree | 86 | 126 | 16 | 26 |
| Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness — Agree | 89 | 110 | 11 | 21 |
| Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness — Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness — Disagree | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness — Strongly disagree | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes — Strongly agree | 55 | 58 | 13 | 21 |
| It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes — Agree | 67 | 89 | 7 | 14 |
| It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes — Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 20 | 24 | 2 | 2 |
| It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes — Disagree | 17 | 38 | 3 | 6 |
| It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes — Strongly disagree | 18 | 30 | 3 | 5 |
| Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby — Strongly agree | 63 | 93 | 9 | 24 |
| Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby — Agree | 89 | 120 | 18 | 22 |
| Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby — Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 12 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
| Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby — Disagree | 8 | 17 | 1 | 1 |
| Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby — Strongly disagree | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness — Strongly agree | 104 | 144 | 16 | 29 |
| Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness — Agree | 73 | 92 | 12 | 19 |
| Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness — Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness — Disagree | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness — Strongly disagree | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby — Strongly agree | 23 | 21 | 6 | 10 |
| After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby — Agree | 36 | 36 | 6 | 13 |
| After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby — Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 1 | 2 | 9 | 12 |
| After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby — Disagree | 49 | 75 | 7 | 13 |
| After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby — Strongly disagree | 68 | 105 | 0 | 0 |
Minimum meal frequency of (semi) solid or soft foods is assessed by examining the proportion of young children consuming foods: 2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months)
| Participants | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention |
|---|---|---|
| Consumed minimum meal frequency | 121 | 142 |
| Did not consume minimum meal frequency | 84 | 141 |
The proportion of young children consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables)
| Participants | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention |
|---|---|---|
| Did not meet minimum dietary diversity | 85 | 102 |
| Met minimum dietary diversity | 91 | 136 |
The percent change (calculated as endline-baseline/baseline) in the frequency of consuming specific foods targeted in the intervention over the course of the previous week (7 days) will be assessed between baseline and endline. More specifically, the number of times that the following foods have been consumed will be assessed: animal source foods, leafy greens, orange colored fruits and vegetables, thick porridge, porridge mixed with nutrient-rich foods, sweets and sugary drinks, fried foods.
| percent change | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention |
|---|---|---|
| Percent change in frequency of consuming orange fruits and/or vegetables over past 7 days | 44.4 ± 161.4 | 51.6 ± 157.3 |
| Percent change in frequency of consuming animal source foods over past 7 days | 71.6 ± 176.5 | 46.1 ± 150.7 |
| Percent change in frequency of consuming leafy greens over past 7 days | 31.1 ± 170.8 | 56.7 ± 208.5 |
| Percent change in frequency of consuming thick porridge over past 7 days | 5.2 ± 268.5 | 15.0 ± 288.3 |
| Percent change in frequency of consuming porridge mixed with nutrient rich foods over past 7 days | 52.0 ± 282.8 | 48.6 ± 270.9 |
| Percent change in frequency of consuming sugary foods over the past 7 days | 90.7 ± 276.8 | 117.2 ± 315.0 |
| Percent change in frequency of consuming fried foods over the past 7 days | 17.7 ± 187.4 | -35.1 ± 123.8 |
The change in percentage of children being fed according to the recommended IYCF practices between baseline and endline. The WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicators will be used to assess feeding practices. Mothers will be asked about feeding practices as part of the household surveys. The indicators include: ever breastfed, early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusively breastfed for the first two days after birth, bottle feeding 0-23 months, continued breastfeeding 12-23 months, introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods 6-8 months, egg and/or flesh food consumption, sweet beverage consumption, unhealthy food consumption, and zero vegetable or fruit.
| percent of participants | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention |
|---|---|---|
| Change in percentage of children bottle fed | -11.9 | -7.3 |
| Change in percentage of children fed egg and/or flesh food consumption | 13.7 | 21.2 |
| Change in percentage of children fed sweet beverage consumption | 17.1 | 15.6 |
| Change in percentage of children fed unhealthy food | 7.3 | 11.7 |
| Change in percentage of children fed zero vegetable or fruit | -11.7 | -22.3 |
The change in the percentage of children meeting the minimum meal frequency (MMF) indicator between baseline and endline will be assessed. Minimum meal frequency of (semi) solid or soft foods is assessed by examining the proportion of young children consuming foods: 2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months.
| percent of participants | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Minimum Meal Frequency Indicator | 20.5 | 21.6 |
The change in the percentage of young children consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables) between baseline and endline.
| percent of participants | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Minimum Dietary Diversity | 29.3 | 36.6 |
The change in percentage of mothers/fathers with specific IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions between baseline and endline will be assessed using survey questions based on the components of the intervention. Mothers will be asked the survey questions as part of the household survey. The questions are grounded in the theory of planned behavior and based on previously published IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions questions.
| percent of participants | Control Group: Mothers in Triad | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Mothers in Triad | Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging: Fathers in Triad |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agreeing leafy greens provide important nutrients | 19.4 | 16.9 | 2.5 | 21.8 |
| Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agreeing animal source foods can prevent anemia | 5.7 | 6.8 | 4.7 | 23.7 |
| Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agree feeding baby multiple times/day is important | 6.8 | 9.2 | 18.0 | 25.2 |
| Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agree feeding orange fruits/vegetables is important | 1.3 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 22.4 |
| Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agree that limiting amount of sweet and fried foods | -8.0 | -10.4 | -0.2 | 21.0 |
| Change in percentage of mothers/fathers that strongly agree clear or liquid porridge nourishes baby | -11.7 | -6.3 | -16.8 | 18.2 |
| Change in percentage of mothers/fathers that strongly agree about importance of washing hands | -3.2 | -3.4 | -5.1 | 10.4 |
| Change in percentage of mothers/fathers that believe breast milk nourishes baby after 6 mths | 8.1 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 13.3 |
Collected over Adverse event data was collected over the course of the intervention (approximately 6 months (inclusive of baseline and endline data collection)) for the triad (mothers, fathers, children).. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group - Children | 0/205 (0%) | 0/205 (0%) | 0/205 (0%) |
| Control Group - Mothers | 0/205 (0%) | 0/205 (0%) | 0/205 (0%) |
| Control Group - Fathers | 0/45 (0%) | 0/45 (0%) | 0/45 (0%) |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding - (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention - Children | 0/283 (0%) | 0/283 (0%) | 0/283 (0%) |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding - (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention - Mothers | 0/283 (0%) | 0/283 (0%) | 0/283 (0%) |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding - (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention - Fathers | 0/66 (0%) | 0/66 (0%) | 0/66 (0%) |
The study population is triads (mother, father, child). Some baseline population characteristics were collected for the triad (race/ethnicity, region) and others are specific to the mother, father, or child. 205 mothers; 205 children; and 45 fathers were included at baseline.
| Age, Continuous(Months of child) | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Child | 12.3 ± 4.6 | 11.6 ± 4.1 | 11.9 ± 4.3 |
| Age, Continuous(Years of mother) | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 28.67 ± 8.06 | 27.76 ± 7.45 | 28.15 ± 7.72 |
| Age, Continuous(Years of father) | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 42.67 ± 8.18 | 41.89 ± 9.55 | 42.21 ± 8.99 |
| Sex: Female, Male(Participants) | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Child participants — Female | 92 | 145 | 237 |
| Child participants — Male | 113 | 138 | 251 |
| Mother participants — Female | 205 | 283 | 488 |
| Mother participants — Male | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Father participants — Female | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Father participants — Male | 45 | 66 | 111 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized(Participants) | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ethnicity of triad/household — Wolof/Lebou | 147 | 194 | 341 |
| Ethnicity of triad/household — Pular/Toucouleur | 13 | 6 | 19 |
| Ethnicity of triad/household — Serere | 39 | 75 | 114 |
| Ethnicity of triad/household — Diola | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Ethnicity of triad/household — Manding/Soce | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| Ethnicity of triad/household — Other ethnicity | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| Region of Enrollment(Participants) | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Senegal | 205 | 283 | 488 |
| Child's mother's highest education level completed(Participants) | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary school | 42 | 66 | 108 |
| Secondary school | 33 | 45 | 78 |
| University | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| Did not attend formal school | 125 | 168 | 293 |
| Prevalence of child anemia(Participants) | Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Child has no anemia | 61 | 86 | 147 |
| Child has anemia | 139 | 192 | 331 |
17 further baseline measures are reported on the registry.
PDFs hosted by the registry, ClinicalTrials.gov.
Plan to share: No — Access to the study database will be available for educational, research and non-profit purposes. All data to be shared will be stripped of any potentially identifying information. Data will be made available through written request to the PIs. A brief analysis plan and data request will be required and reviewed by the PI for approval of data sharing. When requests are approved data will be sent electronically in password protected files. The final dataset will be available in a cvs file.
This study is completed, as verified in Dec 2024. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.
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Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey →