Prehabilitation in Rectal Cancer: During Neoadjuvant Therapy vs Preoperative

According to the annual report of the Spanish Medical Oncology Association (SEOM), in Spain and without differentiating by sex, colorectal cancer will be the cancer with the highest incidence by 2021; with 43.581 new cases estimated for such year, 14.209 of these will be of rectal cancer. In rectal cancer, surgery remains the cornerstone; however, it is already known that local recurrences are frequent. That is why one of the main milestones rectal cancer treatment, is the multimodal therapy approach. It consists of implementing a neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy treatment (NCRT) prior to surgical intervention. With this, local control of the disease is achieved, metastases are reduced have resulted in a five-year survival. Subsequently, depending on the definitive pathological results, patients should also complete treatment with postoperative chemotherapy. It is known that patients undergoing neoadjuvant treatment experience a wide variety of side effects, which can cause loss of muscle and cardiovascular function, loss of their functional capacity and increased fatigue. This worsens the quality of life of the patient and can sometimes cause the interruption of neoadjuvant treatment and have repercussions on the prognosis. Not only do these side effects affect the course of neoadjuvant treatment, but also declines the physiological reserve, making the patient arrive in sub-optimal conditions for surgery. This has an impact on postoperative morbidity and mortality, and secondarily, in the increase of hospital stay.

The concept of functional capacity appears ¨as the nutritional, physical and emotional state that a person has to face a stressful situation, such as surgical treatment. It is believed that if functional capacity is enhanced, postoperative morbidity can be reduced and the patient's recovery can also be improved. That is why trimodal programs are created, specifically selected for their potential cumulative or synergistic effects on health outcomes to prepare patients to face surgery at all three levels. These programs are known as prehabilitation.

Currently there are studies that show that prehabilitation improves the results of patients who must undergo different major surgical procedures, among them in colorectal surgery. Our group has recently presented a study that shows that trimodal prehabilitation contributes to reducing postoperative morbidity and overall hospital stay in patients operated on for colorectal neoplasia. There are also systematic reviews that conclude that prehabilitated patients who must undergo major surgery (speaking of 435 patients and 9 studies) present a decrease in the incidence of major postoperative complications. On the other hand, there are studies that show that prehabilitation in patients who must receive neoadjuvant therapy reduces the decrease of functional capacity that treatment produces on patients. As also shown by the Rex Trial, a randomized study on 48 patients. In an attempt to unite the two lines start the study, it will be a novel one , with only two previously published studies in this area. The intention is demonstrate that when prehabilitation is started before commencing neoadjuvant therapy in patients who are diagnosed with rectal cancer and who are subject to neoadjuvant therapy, will reduce the effect on functional capacity, and that patients will present less postoperative morbidity and better postoperative recovery.