ClinicalTrials.gg
Enrolling by invitationNCT04705766KIDCOVUpdated Sep 11, 2026

KIDney Injury in Times of COVID-19 (KIDCOV)

An observational study in SARS-CoV Infection, Covid19 and Corona Virus Infection, sponsored by University of California, San Francisco. Enrolling by invitation at 3 sites in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-09-11.

Sponsored by University of California, San Francisco · Observational

Study type
Observational
Model
Cohort
Time perspective
Prospective
Enrollment
2,000
Ages
18 Years and older
Sex
All
01

Study summary

There is an unmet need to evaluate the impact of sub-clinical/mild COVID19 disease in the outpatient setting on prevalent and incident renal injury, as this data is currently unavailable. To capture the diversity of race/ethnic risk and COVID19 related municipal shelter-in-place guidance, the investigators will enroll COVID19-negative and COVID19-positive samples balanced by race/ethnicity from 3 different states, California, Michigan, and Illinois. Study endpoints will be assayed from urine samples mailed to the study team at 2, 6, and 12 months after their date of PCR test, with no requirement for these individuals to leave their homes to participate.

Read the detailed description

KIDCOV is a longitudinal cohort study that will prospectively follow cohorts of COVID19-negative and COVID19-positive adults for episodes of kidney injury over a 12-months period. Study candidates will be identified via site-specific electronic medical records (EMR) at seven academic medical centers in the U.S. within 4 weeks of a PCR-based test for SARS-Cov2. Screen-positive individuals will be contacted by email or text and invited to complete an online consent form documenting their willingness to participate. Participation will involve completion of questionnaires and return of urine samples in mailed collection kits at 2, 6, and 12 months after their date of PCR test. The primary endpoint will be the urine-based KIT Score, based on the composite measurement of multiple DNA, protein and metabolite urinary biomarkers (reference). Secondary endpoints include NGAL and KIM-1 urinary biomarkers for kidney injury assessment.

Early detection of new or worsening kidney injury is urgently needed in order to implement preventative measures and target therapeutics that can minimize excess post-COVID19 kidney damage. A complete and standardized understanding of the trajectory and risk factors for kidney injury associated with COVID19+ disease is critical to informing the design and implementation of preventative and therapeutic strategies for COVID19-mediated kidney injury.

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Conditions studied

  • SARS-CoV Infection
  • Covid19
  • Corona Virus Infection
  • Acute Kidney Injury
  • Kidney Injury

Keywords

  • SARS-CoV-2
  • Acute Kidney Injury
  • COVID-19
  • Coronaviurs
  • COVID-19 Infection
  • SARS-CoV-2 infection
  • Coronavirus infection
  • COVID-19 and Acute Kidney Injury
  • SARS-CoV-2 & Kidney Injury Risk Factors
  • Kidney Injury
03

In context

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

376 studies on the registry are indexed under Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; 15 are open to participants now.

This study's planned enrollment of 2,000 is above the median of 300 across 129 observational studies indexed under Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.

Browse Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome studies →

Lead sponsor

University of California, San Francisco is the lead sponsor of 2,169 studies on the registry; 372 are open to participants now.

Of its 267 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 202 (76%) have results posted.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years and older
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes
Sampling method
Non-probability sample

Study population

Individuals with current SARS-CoV-2 test result recorded in their electronic medical record (EMR) at a participating Academic Medical Center (AMC). EMR must also record: contact information (for inviting participation and mailing urine kits), age (to confirm 18+ years), race and sex (to balance COVID- vs. COVID+ samples), current serum creatinine (an outcome), history of kidney transplant or dialysis (ineligible), and hospitalization up to 4 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 test (ineligible).

By restricting eligibility to individuals not hospitalized within the month after their PCR test, the investigators study people at low risk of kidney injury, as the investigators survey a population of otherwise well people. This reflects the public health goal: To estimate excess risk of kidney injury among the >80% of COVID19-infected individuals in whom the infection resolves without intensive healthcare intervention, in order to unveil an otherwise silent health burden on society.

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Result of PCR-based COVID-19 test conducted in the past 4 weeks posted in EMR of participating AMC
  • Age 18 years or older at enrollment
  • Race/ethnicity, sex, age, and phone and/or home/email address provided

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Failure of a candidate participant to give written to comply with the study protocol
  • Hospitalization up to 4 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 test
  • History of kidney transplant
  • History of dialysis
Terms in these criteria, in plain language(1)

Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.

Informed consent

Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.

You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.

05

Study design

Observational model
Cohort
Time perspective
Prospective
Enrollment
2,000 participants (estimated)
Target follow-up
1 Year
Patient registry
Yes
Biospecimen retention
Samples with dna

Groups and cohorts

  • COVID-19 Negative

    Control group to measure progression of AKI/kidney injury overtime

    Other: Urine Collection

  • COVID-19 Positive

    Study group to assess AKI trajectory/progression and associated risk factors of kidney injury with SARS-CoV-2 infection

    Other: Urine Collection

Interventions

  • OtherUrine Collection

    A urine collection kit will be mailed to subjects' residence at 3 different timepoints over the course of 1 year to be returned to study team, upon which KIT score and other biomarkers will be assessed as outlined in the study design.

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What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Continuous, Quantitative KIT Score

    The 12-month continuous, quantitative Kidney Injury Test (KIT) score, measured on a scale of 0-100, where a higher urine-based KIT score correlates to worse kidney injury.

    Time frame: 1 year

Secondary outcomes

  1. Number of participants with a level of Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM1) above 1 ng/ml

    Number of participants with a level of Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM1) above 1 ng/ml, indicating the presence of kidney injury (higher value indicates worse kidney injury).

    Time frame: 1 year

  2. Number of participants with a level of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) above 1 ng/ml

    Number of participants with a level of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) above 1 ng/ml, indicating the presence of kidney injury (higher value indicates worse kidney injury).

    Time frame: 1 year

  3. Number of participants with a level of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) above 1 ng/ml

    Number of participants with a level of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), indicating the presence of kidney injury (higher value indicates worse kidney injury).

    Time frame: 1 year

07

Study locations

3 sites
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References and documents

Publications

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  • Yao Z, Zheng Z, Wu K, Junhua Z. Immune environment modulation in pneumonia patients caused by coronavirus: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Aging (Albany NY). 2020 May 2;12(9):7639-7651. doi: 10.18632/aging.103101. Epub 2020 May 2. PubMed 32364527 ↗
  • Shang J, Ye G, Shi K, Wan Y, Luo C, Aihara H, Geng Q, Auerbach A, Li F. Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nature. 2020 May;581(7807):221-224. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2179-y. Epub 2020 Mar 30. PubMed 32225175 ↗
  • Roussel Y, Giraud-Gatineau A, Jimeno MT, Rolain JM, Zandotti C, Colson P, Raoult D. SARS-CoV-2: fear versus data. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 May;55(5):105947. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105947. Epub 2020 Mar 19. PubMed 32201354 ↗
  • Manski CF, Molinari F. Estimating the COVID-19 infection rate: Anatomy of an inference problem. J Econom. 2021 Jan;220(1):181-192. doi: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.04.041. Epub 2020 May 6. PubMed 32377030 ↗
  • Li X, Ma X. Acute respiratory failure in COVID-19: is it "typical" ARDS? Crit Care. 2020 May 6;24(1):198. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-02911-9. PubMed 32375845 ↗
  • Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, Xiang J, Wang Y, Song B, Gu X, Guan L, Wei Y, Li H, Wu X, Xu J, Tu S, Zhang Y, Chen H, Cao B. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020 Mar 28;395(10229):1054-1062. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3. Epub 2020 Mar 11. PubMed 32171076 ↗
  • Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020 Apr;18(4):844-847. doi: 10.1111/jth.14768. Epub 2020 Mar 13. PubMed 32073213 ↗
  • Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020 May;97(5):829-838. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.03.005. Epub 2020 Mar 20. PubMed 32247631 ↗
  • Baud D, Qi X, Nielsen-Saines K, Musso D, Pomar L, Favre G. Real estimates of mortality following COVID-19 infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Jul;20(7):773. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30195-X. Epub 2020 Mar 12. No abstract available. PubMed 32171390 ↗
  • Meyerowitz-Katz G, Merone L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of published research data on COVID-19 infection fatality rates. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Dec;101:138-148. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1464. Epub 2020 Sep 29. PubMed 33007452 ↗
  • Serfozo P, Wysocki J, Gulua G, Schulze A, Ye M, Liu P, Jin J, Bader M, Myohanen T, Garcia-Horsman JA, Batlle D. Ang II (Angiotensin II) Conversion to Angiotensin-(1-7) in the Circulation Is POP (Prolyloligopeptidase)-Dependent and ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2)-Independent. Hypertension. 2020 Jan;75(1):173-182. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14071. Epub 2019 Dec 2. PubMed 31786979 ↗
  • Yaqinuddin A, Kashir J. Innate immunity in COVID-19 patients mediated by NKG2A receptors, and potential treatment using Monalizumab, Cholroquine, and antiviral agents. Med Hypotheses. 2020 Jul;140:109777. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109777. Epub 2020 Apr 22. PubMed 32344314 ↗
  • Ye M, Wysocki J, William J, Soler MJ, Cokic I, Batlle D. Glomerular localization and expression of Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and Angiotensin-converting enzyme: implications for albuminuria in diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Nov;17(11):3067-75. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2006050423. Epub 2006 Oct 4. PubMed 17021266 ↗
  • Su H, Yang M, Wan C, Yi LX, Tang F, Zhu HY, Yi F, Yang HC, Fogo AB, Nie X, Zhang C. Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China. Kidney Int. 2020 Jul;98(1):219-227. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.003. Epub 2020 Apr 9. PubMed 32327202 ↗
  • Mizuiri S, Hemmi H, Arita M, Ohashi Y, Tanaka Y, Miyagi M, Sakai K, Ishikawa Y, Shibuya K, Hase H, Aikawa A. Expression of ACE and ACE2 in individuals with diabetic kidney disease and healthy controls. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008 Apr;51(4):613-23. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.022. Epub 2008 Mar 4. PubMed 18371537 ↗
  • Sun P, Lu X, Xu C, Sun W, Pan B. Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence. J Med Virol. 2020 Jun;92(6):548-551. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25722. Epub 2020 Mar 5. PubMed 32096567 ↗
  • Brake SJ, Barnsley K, Lu W, McAlinden KD, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Smoking Upregulates Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 Receptor: A Potential Adhesion Site for Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19). J Clin Med. 2020 Mar 20;9(3):841. doi: 10.3390/jcm9030841. PubMed 32244852 ↗
  • Yancy CW. COVID-19 and African Americans. JAMA. 2020 May 19;323(19):1891-1892. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6548. No abstract available. PubMed 32293639 ↗
  • Khunti K, Singh AK, Pareek M, Hanif W. Is ethnicity linked to incidence or outcomes of covid-19? BMJ. 2020 Apr 20;369:m1548. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1548. No abstract available. PubMed 32312785 ↗
  • Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF 3rd, Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Greene T, Coresh J; CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration). A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009 May 5;150(9):604-12. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006. PubMed 19414839 ↗
  • Norris KC, Smoyer KE, Rolland C, Van der Vaart J, Grubb EB. Albuminuria, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate as predictors of cardio-renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and kidney disease: a systematic literature review. BMC Nephrol. 2018 Feb 9;19(1):36. doi: 10.1186/s12882-018-0821-9. PubMed 29426298 ↗
  • Yang JYC, Sarwal RD, Fervenza FC, Sarwal MM, Lafayette RA. Noninvasive Urinary Monitoring of Progression in IgA Nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Sep 10;20(18):4463. doi: 10.3390/ijms20184463. PubMed 31510053 ↗
  • Kearney A, Williamson P, Young B, Bagley H, Gamble C, Denegri S, Muir D, Simon NA, Thomas S, Elliot JT, Bulbeck H, Crocker JC, Planner C, Vale C, Clarke M, Sprosen T, Woolfall K. Priorities for methodological research on patient and public involvement in clinical trials: A modified Delphi process. Health Expect. 2017 Dec;20(6):1401-1410. doi: 10.1111/hex.12583. Epub 2017 Jun 15. PubMed 28618076 ↗
  • McDougall GJ Jr, Simpson G, Friend ML. Strategies for research recruitment and retention of older adults of racial and ethnic minorities. J Gerontol Nurs. 2015 May;41(5):14-23; quiz 24-5. doi: 10.3928/00989134-20150325-01. Epub 2015 Mar 30. PubMed 25849063 ↗
  • Hurd TC, Kaplan CD, Cook ED, Chilton JA, Lytton JS, Hawk ET, Jones LA. Building trust and diversity in patient-centered oncology clinical trials: An integrated model. Clin Trials. 2017 Apr;14(2):170-179. doi: 10.1177/1740774516688860. Epub 2017 Feb 7. PubMed 28166647 ↗
  • Browne S, Carter T, Eckes R, Grandits G, Johnson M, Moore I, McNay L. A review of strategies used to retain participants in clinical research during an infectious disease outbreak: The PREVAIL I Ebola vaccine trial experience. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2018 Jun 5;11:50-54. doi: 10.1016/j.conctc.2018.06.004. eCollection 2018 Sep. PubMed 30003168 ↗
  • Kellum JA, Lameire N; KDIGO AKI Guideline Work Group. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (Part 1). Crit Care. 2013 Feb 4;17(1):204. doi: 10.1186/cc11454. PubMed 23394211 ↗
  • Section 2: AKI Definition. Kidney Int Suppl (2011). 2012 Mar;2(1):19-36. doi: 10.1038/kisup.2011.32. No abstract available. PubMed 25018918 ↗
  • Caramelo, F., N. Ferreira, and B. Oliveiros, Estimation of risk factors for COVID-19 mortality - preliminary results. medRxiv, 2020: p. 2020.02.24.20027268.
  • Muus, C., et al., Integrated analyses of single-cell atlases reveal age, gender, and smoking status associations with cell type-specific expression of mediators of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and highlights inflammatory programs in putative target cells. bioRxiv, 2020: p. 2020.04.19.049254.
  • Diao, B., et al., Human Kidney is a Target for Novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection. medRxiv, 2020: p. 2020.03.04.20031120.

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No — Research records will be kept confidential to the extent permitted by law. Subjects will be identified by a code, and personal information from study records will not be released without the subject's permission. Study subjects will not be identified in any publication that may result from this study. However, the records may be reviewed under guidelines of the Federal Privacy Act by site monitors to assure the accuracy and completeness of study data. The investigators will make sure patient health information is removed from all the bio-samples and data obtained. The investigators will adhere to the NIH and HHS policies regarding the sharing of data and resources with the scientific community, publications, and intellectual property rights, and sharing of biomedical research resources.

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Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Sep 11, 2026, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
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Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT04705766
Collaborators
Rush University Medical Center, University of Michigan, University of California
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Jan 12, 2021
Start date
Mar 1, 2021
Primary completion
Mar 2027 (estimated)
Completion
Mar 2027 (estimated)
Last update
Sep 11, 2026

Study contacts

Minnie Sarwal, M.D., Ph.D.
principal investigator · University of California, San Francisco

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
Yes
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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