A Safety and Immunogenicity of Intranasal Nanoemulsion Adjuvanted Recombinant Anthrax Vaccine in Healthy Adults

1. Between 18 to 49 years of age, inclusive.
2. Female of child-bearing potential, must be non-lactating and non-pregnant as confirmed by a negative serum pregnancy test conducted at screening and a negative urine pregnancy test conducted at the site within 24 hours preceding each receipt of vaccine.

3. Females should be either:

   1. Surgically sterile. Surgical sterilization includes hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, tubal ligation or successful other permanent sterilization methods such as Essure® placement with documented confirmation test at least 3 months after the procedure, or
   2. At least one year post-menopausal, or
   3. Agree to use highly effective hormonal contraceptive method defined by a \<1% failure rate that is not affected by adherence such as progestin releasing subdermal implants, or levonorgestrel releasing IUDs, for a minimum of 30 days prior to immunization and for 3 months following the last immunization. Concurrent use of a barrier method of birth control is not required. or
   4. If using a moderately effective contraceptive method defined by a 5-9% failure rate per year with typical use, such as the pill, hormone releasing transdermal patch or ring, or Progestin-only Injectable Contraceptive (DMPA) injections. Concurrent use of a barrier method of contraception is required. or
   5. Have acceptable sexual abstinence as defined by refraining from heterosexual intercourse for a minimum of 30 days prior to immunization and a credible intent to continue to do so until 3 months following the last immunization. The reliability of sexual abstinence will be to be evaluated in relation to the preferred and usual lifestyle of the subject.
4. Males must agree to use condoms from screening through 3 months following the last immunization, unless vasectomized.
5. Males must not donate sperm from screening through 3 months following the last immunization.
6. Are healthy, as determined by medical history, physical examination, vital signs, and clinical laboratory examinations. Healthy participants have no chronic medical conditions and no acute medical conditions that required the use of systemic prescription medications in the last 30 days or 5 half-lives, whichever is longer.
7. Comprehends the study requirements, is available for the required study period, and is able to attend scheduled visits.
8. Has given written informed consent to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Presence of significant acute illness or any chronic medical condition.
2. Presence of psychiatric illness, currently untreated or clinically unstable (in the opinion of the PI) schizophrenia, bipolar disease, or other psychiatric diagnosis that may interfere with participant compliance or safety evaluations.
3. Participants with a history of chronic cough, reactive airway disease, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), frequent sinus infections, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, nasal polyps or obstruction, including deviated septum or other major nasopharyngeal anatomic abnormalities significant enough to obstruct the nasal openings, are to be excluded. Participants with seasonal rhinitis may be included if their 'season' does not occur within 3 months of the immunization date and they are not currently receiving intranasal steroids.
4. History of natural anthrax infection.
5. Receipt of any licensed or experimental anthrax vaccine at any time in the participant's lifetime.

6. The participant or an immediate household member is meeting criteria for which receipt of licensed anthrax vaccine is recommended or expected including:

   1. Exposure to animal products such as hides, hair, or bones which come from anthrax endemic areas and may be contaminated with Bacillus anthracis spores.
   2. Engagement in diagnostic or investigational activities which may result in contact with B. anthracis spores.
   3. Holding of a position such as veterinarians and others handling potentially infected animals.
   4. Military personnel for whom immunization with anthrax vaccine is required.
7. Positive serology for HIV-1 or HIV-2, or HCV antibodies.
8. Platelet count \<150,000/mm3.
9. Fever >100.4°C within one week of immunization; this is considered as a temporary exclusion, as an otherwise eligible participant may be immunized once the fever has resolved. Participants must remain within the screening window or be rescreened if >30 days elapses prior to enrollment.
10. History of aspiration, dysphagia, swallowing disorders, stroke or other neurologic conditions that may predispose the participant to aspiration of test articles into the respiratory tract.
11. History of Bell's palsy.
12. Cancer or treatment for cancer, within 3 years. Participants with a history of cancer who are disease-free without treatment for 3 years or more are eligible. Participants with basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma are allowed, unless present on or near the nose.
13. Impaired immune responsiveness, regardless of cause, including diabetes mellitus.
14. Known or suspected active chronic autoinflammatory condition
15. Presently receiving or a history of receiving any medications or treatments that affect the immune system such as immunoglobulin, interferon, immuno-modulators, cytotoxic drugs or drugs known to be frequently associated with significant major organ toxicity, or systemic corticosteroids (oral or injectable) in the past six (6) months.
16. Chronic use of inhaled or intranasal sprays including decongestants and corticosteroids; chronic use of these products is prohibited during the first 12 weeks of the study.
17. Presently a vaper, smoker or tobacco user or with a history of vaping, smoking or tobacco use within the past year prior to screening.
18. Receipt or planned administration of a non-study vaccine within 30 days of screening or 60 days after the initiation of the study. Immunization on an emergency basis such as with Tetanus Toxoids Adsorbed for adult use (Td or Tdap) upon exposure will be allowed. Administration of study vaccine can be delayed if a non-study vaccine has been administered and will be given as soon as acceptable, as described above.
19. Known allergy to any vaccine component.
20. History of allergic and/or anaphylactic type reaction to tetracycline-based drugs, injected vaccines, or to any of the components of BW-1010 [soybean oil, dehydrated alcohol (anhydrous ethanol), polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) and, Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)], or any of the BioThrax components (aluminium, benzethonium chloride, or formaldehyde).
21. History of drug or chemical abuse in the year before the study.
22. Receipt of any investigational product or nonregistered drug within the 30 days of screening, or currently enrolled in any investigational drug study, or intends to enroll in such a study within the ensuing 12 month period.
23. Use of nasally administered prescription or nasally administered over-the-counter (OTC) medications within seven (7) days before immunization.
24. Receipt of blood or blood products eight (8) weeks before study entry or planned receipt within the ensuing 12 month period.
25. Donation of blood or blood products within eight (8) weeks before screening or planned donation within the ensuing Week 12 visit.
26. Acute disease within a week prior to immunization, defined as the presence of a moderate or severe illness (as determined by the PI through medical history and physical examination) with or without fever. For participants with a minor illness, such as diarrhea, or mild upper respiratory tract infection with or without low-grade febrile illness, the participant can be re-screened once they have completely recovered.
27. Any condition that, in the opinion of the PI, might interfere with study objectives.