Response of Children With Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) to Eucrisa

The overall study design is an intervention open-label non-randomized clinical trial of Eucrisa treatment (Eucrisa is an FDA approved drug for this indication and in this age group) twice daily for 28 days in 5-17 year old children. This study intends to enroll 30 total participants. The main purpose of this study is to develop biomarkers to predict responsiveness to Eucrisa. The hypothesis that PDE4A is a strong driver of inflammation in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients with high PDE4A skin expression, and that they will be highly responsive to Eucrisa.

Based on a previously published study to use minimally invasive tape strip biomarkers to differentiate patient groups, a 30-fold difference was noted when comparing PDE4A expression levels between TH2 high and TH2 low patients (total n=30). The investigators anticipate that \~50% of patients will be responders per the primary outcome of improvement in clinician assessed disease severity (Investigator Global Assessment of Investigator's Static Global Assessment (ISGA)) defined as clear (0) or almost clear (1) with a 2-grade or more improvement from baseline. With a total sample size of 30, the investigators estimate \~15 will be responders and \~15 non-responders, with alpha=0.05, power=0.8, assuming standard deviation of log(2) to log(5) in mRNA expression difference. This would give power to see a difference in fold expression in the range of 1.9-4.1, and adequate power to see expected differences in the chosen biomarkers. Assuming 80% power, the investigators are also powered for secondary analyses to see correlations with biomarkers and secondary outcomes, with a correlation coefficient ≥ 0.5.

The investigators will recruit directly from the various clinics of Ann \& Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital (LC). Patients will be contacted for screening over the phone 2 weeks prior to their clinic visit and recruited in clinic for study participation.

If participants give permission over the phone, study staff will meet them when they come in for their Allergy or Dermatology clinic visit. On Days 1 (baseline visit) and 28 (final visit), the following procedures will be done. Their skin will be examined by a clinician, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) will be measured using the non-invasive AquaFlux instrument. Skin samples will be taken from the participant's antecubital fossa and photographs will be taken only of the collection site via the tape stripping protocol. The samples will be stored without identifiers, only with the participant's study identification (ID) number. Photos will be stored on a password-protected computer, accessible only by study staff, without any identifiers and will be coded with study ID. Participants and their caregivers will also be asked to fill out questionnaires, including Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) itch forms, PROMIS sleep items, and PROMIS Profile 25. The child will additionally complete a Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) and a Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI). Parent and child will also complete daily diary entries regarding the child's Eucrisa application and will include a 10-point pruritus scale. All of these forms will be administered electronically, and the collected data will be maintained in a secure REDCap database. The electronic forms are set up such that participants must answer every item to complete the study. If they do not feel comfortable answering certain items, they may choose to discontinue involvement in the study without consequence. If, at the baseline visit only, the participant is already having blood drawn for another clinical indication, blood will additionally be drawn with their consent for study purposes (15 mL) for later RNA sequencing. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) drawn at the initial visit in this subset of patients, will be frozen and stored (de-identified, in a locked freezer) at -80°C for later processing and correlation with tape strip biomarkers. The correct method of therapy application will be reviewed with the patient and/or caregiver. They will be advised to discontinue Eucrisa and seek medical attention immediately if signs or symptoms of hypersensitivity occur and to contact the study doctor. The research team will submit incident reports regarding adverse events to the Lurie Children's Institutional Review Board (IRB) via their Cayuse system. Subject ID numbers will be maintained separately from the data set. Source documents and case report forms are kept in a secured area (in a locked cabinet in a locked room) in the Department of Allergy \& Immunology at Lurie Children's, and all electronic data is password-protected and will not be transmitted outside the Lurie server.

After isolating expression of putative biomarkers, specifically PDE4A. Primary analysis will compare baseline mean expression levels of PDE4A in "responder" versus "non-responder" groups. This will be defined by the primary clinical outcome of disease severity improvement by clinician assessment. The investigators anticipate data with a normal distribution, so a t-test will compare significance of average expression levels. If data is not normally distributed, comparisons will be made using the Mann-Whitney U test. Secondary analyses will look at mean differences between other biomarkers (TH2 (IL13, IL4R, CCL26), TH17/22 (IL36G), itch (ENKUR), and epidermal genes (FLG, LOR and S100A9) in the "responder" versus "non-responder" groups. In exploratory analyses, the investigators will evaluate whether these biomarkers changed while on Eucrisa at the 4 week follow up. Specifically, a paired samples t-test will be used (or Wilcoxon signed-rank test if data not normally distributed). Magnitude of change in biomarkers will also be descriptively compared to magnitude of clinical improvement in disease, similar to previously published methods.

To correlate quality of life measures at baseline with PDE4A expression levels, initially data will be graphed to visually inspect the distribution and association, with PDE4A expression on the X-axis and quality of life measures on the Y-axis. Pearson correlation coefficient will be used to evaluate the strength of the association, if non-normally distributed data, a Spearman correlation coefficient will be used to test associations. In exploratory analyses, the investigators will look at the relationship of these genes after treatment with PDE4A. Further analyses will be conducted to determine if patients will be categorized as responders or non-responders on all measures tested using clinically important differences in the tested measures. The investigators will compare responses to quality of life measures using descriptive statistics. Additionally, the investigators will also consider average PDE4A levels in responders versus non-responders using these assessment measures.

The investigators will also attempt to develop a logistic regression model to predict Eucrisa responders. Specifically, the investigators will look at the association between each biomarker and the outcome of interest. If significant, the investigators will include in the final model to determine the key biomarkers predicting Eucrisa responders.

The Lurie Children's IRB and will ensure that the research complies with all applicable policies and regulations through their Post-Approval Monitoring program. Their staff will review study documents, schedule and perform site visits with the investigators, and follow up with the research team on any findings to take the appropriate actions, if any.