Childhood Maltreatment, Traumatic Experiences and Stress-associated Parameters in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

Numerous scientific findings point to the influence of CM and traumatic experiences on the risk of mental and physical illnesses, their severity and their course. Traumatic experiences also increase the risk of demonstrating psychotic symptoms or even develop psychotic disorders. Furthermore, the number of different stress experiences also increases the probability of trauma-associated symptoms (symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dissociative experiences).

Neurobiological changes in the immune system, the defense of stress and also central nervous circuits and structures play a key role in the vulnerability of individuals with early traumas for mental and physical illnesses, e.g. for diseases of the schizophrenia spectrum disorder and the further course of the disease.

The recording of stressful and traumatic life experiences has been largely neglected in everyday clinical practice, especially in patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. The diagnosis of PTSD is rarely given in everyday clinical practice, so that trauma-specific treatment is often not offered.

The targeted use of a scientifically proven intervention to reduce the symptoms of PTSD (NET: Narrative Exposure Therapy) involves a change in stress-associated biomolecular parameters and normalizes neuronal brain activity.

The project pursues a systematic assessment of CM and traumatic experiences as well as a detailed recording of the course of symptoms in participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Furthermore, in a subsample of participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and comorbid PTSD, the researchers want to investigate whether symptom traits of existing psychotic disorders, trauma-associated parameters and cognitive functions can be influenced by a trauma-specific treatment (NET).

The original research plan had to be modified because of the COVID-19 restrictions. Thus, during the course of the study, we had to modify design and data assessment.

The original plans related to the two work programs of the study and their modification are described below:

Work program 1 (WP1):

Originally, the WP1 included a weekly prospective assessment of psychotic symptoms on a sample of n=100 participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and planed to link this data with results from a cross-sectional assessment on traumatic and childhood maltreatment and biological data (cortisol awakening (CAR), diurnal cortisol profile, tonic cortisol concentration in hair and determination of mitochondrial respiratory activity in mononuclear cells).

Modifications of the original study plan of WP1:

1. Originally, it was planned to examine the determination of mitochondrial respiratory activity in mononuclear cells. Due to a change in cooperation with a partner study project, examination of mitochondrial respiratory activity in mononuclear cells was later on excluded and focus was set only on the endocrine system via cortisol response (CAR, diurnal cortisol profiles and hair cortisol concentration).
2. Due to the COVID pandemic, saliva samples could only be collected before pandemic restriction rules. Therefore, not all participants contributed in all parts of the originally planned WP1.
3. Due to COVID restrictions, access to the study population was restricted and the planned total of n=100 could not be completed, instead n=79 patients could be included into the study.
4. In addition to the patient data, we also collected data from healthy controls (n=39) to replicate existing findings between healthy controls and people with schizophrenia spectrum disorder.
5. In addition to the clinical interview (cross-sectional assessment) of traumatic and childhood maltreatment, we included measurements of parental bonding (high/low parental care, high/low overprotection) to have a more detailed look on how childhood experiences can influence symptom course of psychotic disorders.
6. The weekly assessment of psychotic symptoms did not proof to be feasible in daily clinical routine due to the high time consumption of assessments during COVID restrictions. Outcome measures therefore focused on three points in time, i.e. admission to study, 4 weeks after admission, and 3 months after admission or - if released earlier - at release from inpatient treatment.

The adapted WP1 pursued the following research questions:

1. What influence do childhood maltreatment and traumatic experiences have on current psychological and physical well-being (systematic \& detailed symptom recording)?
2. What influence does the family atmosphere have on the illness course?

3. Do parameters of the stress hormone system (wake-up cortisol, diurnal cortisol profile, hair cortisol concentration) correlate with measures of past childhood maltreatment, traumatic experiences, and parental bonding?

   Work program 2 (WP2):

   The second work program originally focussed on the subgroup of WP1 participants with schiziphrenia spectrum disorder and comorbid PTSD. It was planned to conduct a randomized controlled pilot study with n=20 to determine the impact of trauma-focused therapy (NET) on the course of symptoms. In addition to the symptoms of PTSD, psychosis-specific parameters such as cognitive functions and biological characteristics were planned to be repeatedly recorded (pre, post, 6 months and 12 months after completing trauma therapy).

   Modifications of the original study plan of WP2:

   1. Originally, a randomized control pilot study was planned with n=20 participants randomly allocated to either an active intervention group (n=10, receiving NET additionally to care as usual) or to a no treatment group (care as usual; n=10). Due to restricted manpower and lowered feasibility in clinical daily routine during COVID, our study design had to be adapted and the control group had to be omitted. In stead, we conducted a case series of the 10 cases who received the active treatment. The adapted study, therefore, had a single-group, pre-test, post-test, and follow-up-test design.
   2. We planned to implement 6-10 trauma therapy sessions of 90 minutes per case. Due to the specific nature of psychotic disorders (e.g., conceptual disorganization or limited cognitive capacities), the NET routine had to be adapted. For example, the length of the sessions often had to be shortened, which led in most cases to a higher number of sessions as planned (on average 15-20 sessions). For more details, see our publication: Breinlinger, S., Pütz, A.-K., Stevens, N. R., Mier, D., Schalinski, I., \& Odenwald, M. (2020). Narrative Exposure Therapy in challenging cases and conditions. Maltrattamento e Abuso All'Infanzia: Rivista Interdisciplinare, 22(3), 37-50. https://doi.org/10.3280/MAL2020-003004.
   3. Furthermore, the follow-up assessment was changed to only pre (T0), post (T1) and 6 month follow-up (T2, 6 months after completing NET) for all measurements (PTSD symptoms, dissociation, cognitive functions, psychotic symptoms, depression, suicidal tendencies, quality of life).
   4. In the longitudibal course of WP2, biological data were only assessed at T1 (see reasons above relating to COVID pandemic). Instead, focus was set on clinical parameters: Primary outcomes were diagnosis, symptom severity of PTSD and dissociation assessed at T0, T1 and T2. Secondary outcomes were depressive symptoms, psychotic symptoms, suicidal tendencies, quality of life and cognitive performance measured by a standardized test battery. Single t-tests were used for data analysis.

   WP2 therefore pursued the following research questions:

4. What changes of trauma-related and psychotic symptoms can be observed in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and PTSD after a specific PTSD treatment module?

Giving the division of the work program in a cross sectional and a prospective part, our original study title "Narrative Exposure Therapy in Patients With Psychotic Disorders and a Posttraumatic Stress Disorder" included only WP2. In order to place both work programs in an overall context, the overall title was changed to:

"Childhood maltreatment, traumatic experiences and stress-associated parameters: Relationship and influence on the course of illness in schizophrenia spectrum disorders."