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CompletedNCT03507231Updated Apr 25, 2018

Non-integrated Costs Increase Effectiveness of Incentives

An interventional study of Email Message and Incentive for Vaccination in Control - No Incentive for Flu Vaccine, Direct Incentive and Indirect Incentive, sponsored by Carnegie Mellon University. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 100 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2018-04-25.

Sponsored by Carnegie Mellon University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Prevention

From the registry’s dates

  • Registered 4 months after the study started (first participant enrolled Sep 2017, registered Jan 2018).
Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
12,531
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
18 Years to 100 Years
Sex
All
01

Study summary

The investigators will test the hypothesis that the control (no incentive) condition will have the lowest vaccination rate, the main task condition will have a significantly higher vaccination rate while the indirect condition will have the highest vaccination rate.

Participants will be randomly assigned to one of the three message conditions and their vaccination records obtained from the university Occupational Health Department.

Read the detailed description

The investigators will send e-mails to a complete mailing list of faculty and staff at a university. Each recipient will be randomly assigned to one of three conditions: control, main task incentive or indirect incentive. Our main dependent variable will be whether or not participants decide to get vaccinated. The investigators will obtain their actual vaccination records from the university Occupational Health Department.

Within the e-mail message, participants will indicate whether or not they intend to get vaccinated. Intention serves as an indirect dependent outcome. Upon clicking to indicate their intention, participants are redirected to a page which gives further instructions on how to proceed.

Participants who vaccinate will be asked to complete a brief follow-up questionnaire to evaluate their experience with vaccination and (for those offered and incentive) to provide contact information to receive their payment.

02

Conditions studied

  • Control - No Incentive for Flu Vaccine
  • Direct Incentive
  • Indirect Incentive

Keywords

  • incentives
  • field study
  • vaccination
03

In context

Lead sponsor

Carnegie Mellon University is the lead sponsor of 46 studies on the registry; 5 are open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years to 100 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes

Inclusion criteria

  • Must be faculty or staff at Rutgers University.

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

-

05

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Prevention
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
Single (Participant)
Enrollment
12,531 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Active comparator
    Control

    Participants will receive an E-mail Message encouraging them to get vaccinated, and asking them to indicate if they intend to do so and to complete a brief questionnaire after vaccination.

    Behavioral: Email Message

  • Experimental
    Direct Incentive

    Participants will receive an E-mail Message encouraging them to get vaccinated, and asking them to indicate if they intend to do so and to complete a brief questionnaire after vaccination. They are offered an Incentive for Vaccination ($5 Amazon Gift Card).

    Behavioral: Email Message · Behavioral: Incentive for Vaccination

  • Experimental
    Indirect Incentive

    Participants will receive an E-mail Message encouraging them to get vaccinated, and asking them to indicate if they intend to do so and to complete a brief questionnaire after vaccination. They are offered an Incentive for completing a short survey ($5 Amazon Gift Card).

    Behavioral: Email Message · Behavioral: Incentive for completing a short survey

Interventions

  • BehavioralEmail Message

    Participants will randomly receive an e-mail message about the availability of free flu vaccines.

  • BehavioralIncentive for Vaccination

    $5 gift card offered for vaccination

  • BehavioralIncentive for completing a short survey

    $5 gift card offered for completing s short survey after one gets vaccinated

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Number of people vaccinated

    Measure the number of people who got vaccinated in the Fall 2017 semester at a large state university. We will collect vaccination records from the university Occupational Health Department

    Time frame: Up to 5 months

Secondary outcomes

  1. Intention to get vaccinated

    Participants will receive an e-mail with our main treatment manipulations. In each e-mail they will be able to indicate whether or not they want to get vaccinated. We will use this measure as a second dependent variable.

    Time frame: Up to 5 months

07

Study locations

1 site
  • Rutgers University
    New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Halpern SD, French B, Small DS, Saulsgiver K, Harhay MO, Audrain-McGovern J, Loewenstein G, Brennan TA, Asch DA, Volpp KG. Randomized trial of four financial-incentive programs for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med. 2015 May 28;372(22):2108-17. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1414293. Epub 2015 May 13. PubMed 25970009 ↗
  • Chapman GB, Li M, Colby H, Yoon H. Opting in vs opting out of influenza vaccination. JAMA. 2010 Jul 7;304(1):43-4. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.892. No abstract available. PubMed 20606147 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: Yes — De-identified data (condition, vaccination status) will be shared on a site such as Open Science Framework

Supporting information: Analytic code

09

Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Apr 25, 2018, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT03507231
Lead sponsor
Carnegie Mellon University
Collaborators
Rutgers University, University of Pennsylvania
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Apr 25, 2018
Start date
Sep 20, 2017
Primary completion
Jan 20, 2018
Completion
Jan 20, 2018
Last update
Apr 25, 2018

Study contacts

George Loewenstein, PhD
principal investigator · Carnegie Mellon University

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
Yes
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Not currently enrolling

This study is completed, as verified in Apr 2018. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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