An interventional study of Personalized feedback and Personalized feedback and text messages in Alcohol-Impaired Driving, sponsored by Western Kentucky University. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2025-08-11.
Sponsored by Western Kentucky University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment
Substance-Impaired Driving among college students remains a significant public health concern and may be the single riskiest substance-related outcome among young adults. Brief Interventions (BIs) have been shown to reduce alcohol-impaired driving among college students, but are not often implemented - despite their demonstrated efficacy - because it is not economically feasible for universities to hire and train staff to deliver in-person BIs to all college substance users. Very few college students seek out substance prevention or treatment services available on campus or in the surrounding community. Innovative ways of delivering BIs to this at-risk population in a manner that is both effective and economically feasible have to be developed. The present study will be the first to examine whether a text-messaging-based substance-impaired driving BI significantly decreases substance-impaired driving among colleges substance users compared to an informational control. Participants will be 150 college students who endorse driving after substance use (alcohol, drugs, and/or combined alcohol/drugs) at least twice in the past 3 months. After completing baseline measures, participants will be randomly assigned to receive either: a) substance use information, b) a substance-impaired driving personalized feedback intervention, or c) a substance-impaired driving personalized feedback intervention plus interactive text messages. Participants will complete outcome measures 3, 6, and 12 months post-intervention. Repeated measures mixed modeling analyses will be used to determine whether the intervention significantly reduces substance-impaired driving over time. The project has two specific aims: 1) to evaluate a text based substance-impaired driving intervention in a randomized clinical trial, and 2) to determine whether the use of interactive text-messages sustains intervention effects over time. This study is innovative because it utilizes cutting-edge technology to deliver the entire intervention, enabling the study to reach a large number of students in a short time period at a low cost. The study is significant because it will contribute substantially to the substance-impaired driving literature by identifying an intervention that can decrease substance-impaired driving among this high-risk population. Additionally, this study will add to the newly emerging technology-based intervention literature.
Rates of substance-impaired driving remain especially high among college students, and substance-related traffic accidents remain the leading cause of substance-related death among young adults. Prevention and intervention efforts, such as brief Interventions (BIs) have been shown to decrease substance use and related problems. BIs attempt to identify and correct faulty normative beliefs and highlight consequences of substance use (such as driving after substance use) and BIs typically consist of one or two individual therapeutic meetings delivered in motivational interviewing style and include personalized feedback (based on a series of questionnaires completed by the student prior to their BI session). The reason why BIs have not been deployed - despite their demonstrated efficacy - is that it is not economically feasible for universities to hire and train staff to deliver in-person BIs to all college substance users, and very few college students seek out substance prevention or treatment services available on campus or in the surrounding communities. Innovative ways of delivering BIs to this at-risk population in a manner that is both effective and economically feasible have to be developed. Text messaging represents a particularly advantageous way to provide BIs as they can be highly personalized to the individual, accessed at any time that suits the individual's needs, and allow for engagement and interaction between the interventionist and participant. Given the high prevalence and fatal consequences of substance-impaired driving, intervention approaches with the ability to reach a large number of students at a low cost are imperative for reducing this extremely risky behavior. Personalized feedback delivered without a one-on-one intervention may effectively reduce substance use and problems, despite the fact that web-based and feedback-only interventions consistently demonstrate smaller effect sizes than in-person interventions at long-term follow-ups, with effects often dissipating after the first follow-up.
The present study will enhance and extend intervention effects by including MI consistent interactive text messages to provide an interpersonal and interactive element. Research indicates that college students prefer text messages to telephone calls and emails and rate this medium positively. However, few published studies in alcohol literature have implemented text-messaging interventions and no published studies have examined the effects of a text-based substance impaired driving BI among students who report recent substance-impaired driving. A text-based BI focused specifically on decreasing alcohol-impaired driving (AI-driving) among college students has been developed and evaluated in a pilot trial. This study indicated that a brief, text-based AI-driving intervention resulted in significantly greater reductions in AI-driving at the 3-month follow-up, compared to an intervention providing alcohol information alone. This was the first controlled study to demonstrate that a text-based AI-driving intervention could decrease AI-driving outcomes over time. However, it is not clear from this study whether interactive text messages are a crucial part of the intervention because this study did not compare an AI-driving feedback only condition to the AI-driving feedback + interactive texts condition.
The proposed study will extend these promising pilot results by (a) expanding inclusion criteria to include drug-impaired and combination drug and alcohol-impaired drivers, (b) increasing power and generalizability by recruiting 150 college students indicating recent substance-impaired driving, (c) dismantling the pilot trial design by including a personalized feedback only condition, and (d) including a 6-month and 1-year follow-up to determine whether intervention effects persist over time.
The overarching goal is to reduce driving after drinking, drug use, and combined drug/alcohol use among college students.
We will conduct a 3-group trial with 150 college students (project 50% female and 20% minority) recruited from a large public university.
Group 1: substance information only Group 2: substance-impaired driving personalized feedback only Group 3: substance impaired driving personalized feedback and MI interactive text messages
Aim 1: Evaluate a text based substance-impaired driving intervention in a Randomized Clinical Trial.
Hypothesis 1: Groups 2 and 3 will report greater reductions in driving after substance use at 3-month follow-up compared to Group 1.
Aim 2: Determine whether interactive text-messages sustain intervention effects over time.
Hypothesis 2: Group 3 will report greater reductions in driving after substance use at 6-month and 12-month follow-up compared to Group 2.
Exclusion Criteria:
Following the baseline assessment, participants will be sent a link via text message to a secure website containing substance-impaired driving specific personalized feedback. Feedback will include the following elements: a personalized substance use profile and substance-impaired driving profile, information on social norms related to substance use and substance-impaired driving, personalized information on BAC (or level of impairment due to drug use) prior to driving, costs associated with a DUI citation in Kentucky, and information on combined drug and alcohol impaired driving risk (if endorsed).
Behavioral: Personalized feedback
Following the baseline assessment, participants will be sent a link via text message to a secure website containing substance-impaired driving specific personalized feedback (described above). Participants will be asked to send a text message back to the study administrator after viewing the feedback document. After confirming receipt and processing of the document, the study administrator will then send the participant three text messages containing open-ended questions.
Behavioral: Personalized feedback and text messages
Students randomized to the information condition will receive standard information about alcohol and other drugs and substance-impaired driving via a link to a website delivered through text message.
Behavioral: Information Only
Following the baseline assessment, participants will be sent a link via text message to a secure website containing substance-impaired driving specific personalized feedback. Feedback will include the following elements: a personalized substance use profile and substance-impaired driving profile, information on social norms related to substance use and substance-impaired driving, personalized information on BAC (or level of impairment due to drug use) prior to driving, costs associated with a DUI citation in Kentucky, and information on combined drug and alcohol impaired driving risk (if endorsed).
Experimental: Personalized feedback and text messages Following the baseline assessment, participants will be sent a link via text message to a secure website containing substance-impaired driving specific personalized feedback (described above). Participants will be asked to send a text message back to the study administrator after viewing the feedback document. After confirming receipt and processing of the document, the study administrator will then send the participant three text messages containing open-ended questions.
Active Comparator: Information Only Students randomized to the information condition will receive standard information about alcohol and other drugs and substance-impaired driving via a link to a website delivered through text message.
Change in Number of Times Driving After Using Substances
Participants will be asked to report the number of times they have driven within two hours of drinking alcohol or using other substances.
Time frame: 3 months
Participants were recruited via flyers around campus, the Sona system, and a mass email sent out to all students.
| Milestone | Personalized Feedback | Personalized Feedback and Text Messages | Information Only |
|---|---|---|---|
| Started | 30 | 40 | 35 |
| Completed | 28 | 38 | 31 |
| Not completed | 2 | 2 | 4 |
Participants will be asked to report the number of times they have driven within two hours of drinking alcohol or using other substances.
| Driving Events | Personalized Feedback | Personalized Feedback and Text Messages | Information Only |
|---|---|---|---|
| Change in Number of Times Driving After Using Substances | 22.43 ± 21.39 | 26.50 ± 26.55 | 26.00 ± 25.46 |
Collected over All-Cause Mortality, Serious, and Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events were not monitored/assessed.. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| Personalized Feedback | — | — | — |
| Personalized Feedback and Text Messages | — | — | — |
| Information Only | — | — | — |
Per study protocol, participants who are eligible on the screening survey are randomized to one of three conditions.
| Age, Categorical(Participants) | Personalized Feedback | Personalized Feedback and Text Messages | Information | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <=18 years | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Between 18 and 65 years | 28 | 38 | 31 | 97 |
| >=65 years | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sex/Gender, Customized(Participants) | Personalized Feedback | Personalized Feedback and Text Messages | Information | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 18 | 25 | 21 | 64 |
| Male | 10 | 10 | 9 | 29 |
| Non-binary | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | Personalized Feedback | Personalized Feedback and Text Messages | Information | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Asian | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Black or African American | 0 | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| White | 25 | 27 | 26 | 78 |
| More than one race | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| Region of Enrollment(Participants) | Personalized Feedback | Personalized Feedback and Text Messages | Information | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | 28 | 38 | 31 | 97 |
Documents are hosted by the registry — open the source record to download them.
This study is completed, as verified in Aug 2025. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.
Get an email when the registry record changes — status, dates, results — or when someone posts here.
Sign in to followQuestions and observations about this study, from anyone following it. Not medical advice, and not a channel to the study team — their contact details are on the registry record.
Sign in to join the discussion. Reading takes no account; posting does. You choose a display name, and a pseudonym is the default.
Nothing here yet. If you are running this trial, taking part in it, or weighing whether to, this is the place to say so.
Western Kentucky University