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CompletedNCT03452839MERCYUpdated Aug 6, 2025

Bolus Versus Continuous Infusion of Meropenem

A Phase 4 interventional study of Meropenem in Antibiotic Resistant Infection and Critical Illness, sponsored by Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele. Completed at 26 sites in 4 countries. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2025-08-06.

Sponsored by Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele · Phase 4, Interventional, and Treatment

Phase
Phase 4
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
607
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
18 Years and older
Sex
All
01

Study summary

This study arises from the need to optimize antibacterial drug usage to face increasing drug resistance among gram-negative pathogens in intensive care units. Gram-negative organisms are responsible for 70% of drug-resistant infections acquired in the intensive care unit. Meropenem is a β-lactam, carbapenem, antibacterial agent usually administered by intermittent infusion. As β-lactam efficacy is determined by the time in which the drug concentration exceeds the minimum inhibiting concentration of the target pathogen, intermittent infusion of this short half-lived drug can lead to precipitous drops in serum drug levels, an occurrence linked to emergence of resistant pathogens. The investigators hypothesize a beneficial effect of a continuous meropenem infusion on mortality and emergence of drug resistant pathogens. All patients enrolled will receive 1 g of meropenem bolus. After that, subjects will be randomized to receive a continuous infusion of study drug 3g/day or a bolus administration of the same amount of drugs. The investigators expect a reduction of mortality and emergence of extensive or pan drug resistant pathogens from 52 to 40% in the continuous infusion group.

02

Conditions studied

  • Antibiotic Resistant Infection
  • Critical Illness

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Keywords

  • meropenem
  • antibiotic resistance
  • critical illness
  • β-lactams
  • continuous antibacterial drug infusion
  • mortality
03

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years and older
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Inclusion criteria

Will be enrolled patients who:

  • Are able to express informed consent or the latter can be given by his/her next of kin or as requested by Ethical Committee.
  • Need a new antibiotic treatment, by clinical judgment, with meropenem
  • Are admitted to ICU
  • Have Sepsis or septic shock. Sepsis defined as having all the following 1. SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome); 2. suspected or documented infection; 3. a SOFA score ≥ 2. Septic shock defined as having all the following 1.Sepsis; 2. Persisting hypotension requiring vasopressors to maintain MAP ≥65mmHg and having a serum lactate level >2 mmol/L (18mg/dL) despite adequate volume resuscitation.

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

Will be excluded patients who:

  • Are able to express informed consent and deny it
  • Are already receiving study drug or other carbapenem both as a bolus or continuous infusion
  • Have a known allergy or intolerance to study drug, to other carbapenem antibacterial agents or severe allergic reaction to β-lactam antibacterial agents or to anhydrous sodium carbonate (study drug excipient)
  • Have a little chance of survival, as defined by a SAPS II score greater than 65
  • Have concomitant acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (stage 3 according to CDC)
  • Received immunosuppressant or long-term corticosteroid therapy (more than 0.5 mg/kg/day for over 30 days)
04

Study design

Phase
Phase 4
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
Quadruple (Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor)
Enrollment
607 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Continuous infusion

    Patient randomized to continuous infusion group, will receive a continuous infusion of meropenem according to their renal function (creatinine clearance -ClCr- estimated by Cockcroft-Gault formula and study day 1. for ClCr \> 50 ml/min: 3 g / day, prepared as follows: 10 mg/ml of meropenem in NaCl 0.9% at 12,5 ml/h. 2. for ClCr \< 50 ml/min: 2 g / day, prepared as follows: 10 mg/ml of meropenem in NaCl 0.9% at 8,3 ml/h. This solution will be replaced every time its duration exceeds the stability in use stated by the producer

    Drug: Meropenem

  • Active comparator
    Bolus

    Patient randomized to bolus group, will receive a bolus infusion of meropenem according to their renal function (creatinine clearance -ClCr- estimated by Cockcroft-Gault formula): 1. for Cl-Cr \> 50 ml/min 1 g every 6 hours on first 24 hours, every 8 hours after 2. for Cl-Cr \< 50 ml/min 1 g every 8 hours on first 24 hours, every 12 hours after

    Drug: Meropenem

Interventions

  • DrugMeropenem

    Meropenem or injection vials to be re-constituted in a solution of NaCl 0.9%.

05

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Death or Emergence of new resistant bacteria

    composite outcome: 1. death from any cause at day 28 2. emergence of new XDR (extended drug resistant) or PDR (pan drug resistant) bacteria at day 28

    Time frame: day 28

Secondary outcomes

  1. Death from any cause

    Death from any cause

    Time frame: day 90

  2. Antibiotic-free days

    Proportion of days from randomization to day 28 or death in which subject didn't receive any antibiotics (excluding anti-fungal anti-viral drugs)

    Time frame: up to day 28 or death

  3. ICU - free days

    Number of days from randomization to day 28 (or death) in which the subject is outside the ICU. For any discharge lasting less than 48h, no ICU-free day will be computed. Re-admission lasting less than 24 hours will not reduce ICU-free days. Patients that will not survive outside ICU for at least 48 hours, will have a ICU-free day of zero

    Time frame: day 28 or death

  4. Cumulative SOFA-free point

    SOFA score will be evaluated every day up to day 28. SOFA-free daily score is 24 (maximum SOFA) minus actual SOFA. Cumulative SOFA-free is the sum of SOFA-free daily from randomization to date 28. Patients dead before day 28 can't ameliorate their SOFA-free score. This way, the higher the cumulative SOFA-free, the higher is the amelioration of the patient and his probability of survival.

    Time frame: up to day 28

06

Study locations

26 sites
  • University Hospital Dubrava
    Dubrava, Croatia
  • Città di Lecce Hospital
    Lecce, Apulia, Italy
  • ASST Cremona
    Cremona, Cemona, Italy
  • Policlinico Univeristario Campus Bio-Medico
    Rome, Lazio, Italy
  • Ospedale San Raffaele di Milano
    Milan, MI 20132, Italy
  • A.O.U. Mater Domini
    Catanzaro, Reggio Calabria, Italy
  • Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria
    Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
  • USSL 10 Veneto
    San Donà di Piave, Venezia, Italy
  • Ospedale San Lazzaro ASL CN2
    Alba, Italy
  • Ospedale A. Cardarelli
    Campobasso, Italy
  • P.O. Pineta Grande - Castelvolturno
    Caserta, Italy
  • Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi - Firenze
    Florence, Italy
  • Azienda Universitario-Ospedaliera O.O.R.R.
    Foggia, Italy
  • E. O. Ospedali Galliera
    Genova, Italy
  • Ospedale di Merano
    Merano, Italy
  • Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli
    Naples, Italy
  • Azienda Ospedale - Università Padova - Ospedale "Sant'Antonio
    Padova, Italy
  • AOU Pisana
    Pisa, Italy
  • A.O.R San Carlo
    Potenza, Italy
  • Grande Ospedale Metropolitano
    Reggio Calabria, Italy
  • Humanitas Research Hospital
    Rozzano, Italy
  • AO Città della Salute e della Scienza
    Torino, Italy
  • Università di Udine
    Udine, Italy
  • Astana Medical University
    Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan
  • Federal Clinical & Research Center for Reanimatology and Rehabilitation
    Moscow, Russia
  • I.M. Sechenov Firts Moscow State Medical
    Moscow, Russia
07

References and documents

Publications

  • Monti G, Galbiati C, Toffoletto F, Calabro MG, Colombo S, Ferrara B, Giardina G, Lembo R, Marzaroli M, Moizo E, Mucci M, Pasculli N, Plumari VP, Scandroglio AM, Tozzi M, Momesso E, Boffa N, Lobreglio R, Montrucchio G, Guarracino F, Benedetto U, Biondi-Zoccai G, D'Ascenzo F, D'Andrea N, Paternoster G, Ananiadou S, Ballestra M, De Sio A, Pota V, Cotoia A, Della Selva A, Bruni A, Iapichino G, Bradic N, Corradi F, Gemma M, Nogtev P, Petrova M, Agro FE, Cabrini L, Forfori F, Likhvantsev V, Bove T, Finco G, Landoni G, Zangrillo A; Collaborators. Continuous infusion versus intermittent administration of meropenem in critically ill patients (MERCY): A multicenter randomized double-blind trial. Rationale and design. Contemp Clin Trials. 2021 May;104:106346. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2021.106346. Epub 2021 Mar 6. PubMed 33684595 ↗
  • Monti G, Bradic N, Marzaroli M, Konkayev A, Fominskiy E, Kotani Y, Likhvantsev VV, Momesso E, Nogtev P, Lobreglio R, Redkin I, Toffoletto F, Bruni A, Baiardo Redaelli M, D'Andrea N, Paternoster G, Scandroglio AM, Gallicchio F, Ballestra M, Calabro MG, Cotoia A, Perone R, Cuffaro R, Montrucchio G, Pota V, Ananiadou S, Lembo R, Musu M, Rauch S, Galbiati C, Pinelli F, Pasin L, Guarracino F, Santarpino G, Agro FE, Bove T, Corradi F, Forfori F, Longhini F, Cecconi M, Landoni G, Bellomo R, Zangrillo A; MERCY Investigators. Continuous vs Intermittent Meropenem Administration in Critically Ill Patients With Sepsis: The MERCY Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2023 Jul 11;330(2):141-151. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.10598. PubMed 37326473 ↗
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Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT03452839
Lead sponsor
Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele
Responsible party
Giovanni Landoni (MD, Full Professor, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele) — Principal investigator
First posted
Mar 2, 2018
Start date
Jun 5, 2018
Primary completion
Oct 1, 2022
Completion
Dec 1, 2022
Last update
Aug 6, 2025

Study contacts

Alberto Zangrillo, Prof
principal investigator · IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute
Giacomo Monti, MD
study chair · IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute

Oversight

FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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