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CompletedNCT03412136Updated Jan 26, 2018

The Acute Effect of Protein or Carbohydrate Intake on Testosterone Levels and Food Intake in Children and Adolescent Boys

An interventional study of Control and Glucose in Appetitive Behavior and Pediatric Obesity, sponsored by University of Toronto. Completed at 1 site in Canada. Open to male participants aged 9 Years to 18 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2018-01-26.

Sponsored by University of Toronto · Not applicable, Interventional, and Basic science

Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
34
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
9 Years to 18 Years
Sex
Male
01

Study summary

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acute protein and glucose intake on testosterone levels measured in adolescent boys and determine whether changes in testosterone levels are associated with alterations in short-term food intake. It was hypothesized that 1) ingestion of a protein beverage would result in no change of testosterone levels whereas glucose would result in a significant decrease of testosterone levels 60 minutes after ingestion and 2) decreases of testosterone levels as a result of the glucose preload would predict food intake for boys of similar body size. The first objective was to investigate the effect of an acute protein or glucose drink on testosterone levels and the second objective was to determine whether changes of testosterone levels associate with food intake.

02

Conditions studied

  • Appetitive Behavior
  • Pediatric Obesity

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Keywords

  • Testosterone
  • Food Intake
  • Appetite
03

Who can participate

Ages eligible
9 Years to 18 Years
Sexes eligible
Male
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes

Inclusion criteria

  • 9-18 years, healthy, male.

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • History of prematurity, chronic illness, were taking any medications known to affect glucose homeostasis, appetite or pubertal development.
04

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Basic science
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Crossover assignment
Masking
Single (Participant)
Enrollment
34 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Control

    Dietary Supplement: Control

  • Experimental
    Glucose

    Dietary Supplement: Glucose

  • Experimental
    Protein

    Dietary Supplement: Protein

Interventions

  • Dietary supplementControl

    Participants were given 5 minutes to ingest the non-caloric beverage which contained 1.5ml of chocolate extract (Vanilla Food Company, Markham, Ontario, Canada) to account for the flavor differences and mixed with 500ml of water and sweetened with 0.2g sucralose (Tate \& Lyle, Stoney Creek, Ontario, Canada) in order to match sweetness with the glucose beverage.

  • Dietary supplementGlucose

    Participants were given 5 minutes to ingest the beverage which contained either 1g of protein (plain whey-protein isolate; BiPro USA., Eden Prairie, Minnesota, U.S.A) per kg of bodyweight and was flavoured with 1.5ml of chocolate extract (Vanilla Food Company, Markham, Ontario, Canada) to account for the flavor differences and mixed with 500ml of water.

  • Dietary supplementProtein

    Participants were given 5 minutes to ingest the beverage which contained 1g of glucose monohydrate (BioShop Canada Inc., Burlington, Ontario, Canada) per kg of bodyweight and flavoured with 1.5ml of chocolate extract (Vanilla Food Company, Markham, Ontario, Canada) to account for the flavor differences and mixed with 500ml of water.

05

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Testosterone Change

    The first blood draw was taken prior to ingesting the experimental beverage at baseline (0 minutes). Participants were then given 5 minutes to ingest the beverage, and blood was later obtained 20, 35 and 65 minutes after baseline blood draw. Units were measured in ng/dl.

    Time frame: 0-65 minutes

Secondary outcomes

  1. Appetite Biomarkers- Glucose

    Glucose. Units were measured in mg/dl.

    Time frame: 0-85 minutes

  2. Appetite Biomarkers- Glucagon-like peptide-1

    Glucagon-like peptide-1. Units were measured in pM.

    Time frame: 0-85 minutes

  3. Appetite Biomarkers- Active Ghrelin

    Active Ghrelin. Units were measured in pg/ml.

    Time frame: 0-85 minutes

  4. Appetite Biomarkers- Insulin

    Insulin. Units were measured in uIu/ml.

    Time frame: 0-85 minutes

  5. Subjective Appetite- Determination to eat

    Visual Analog Scales were employed to assess subjective appetite based on the Determination to Eat. Units were measured in mm (based on a 100mm scale).

    Time frame: 0-85 minutes

  6. Subjective Appetite- Hunger

    Visual Analog Scales were employed to assess subjective appetite based on feelings of Hunger. Units were measured in mm (based on a 100mm scale).

    Time frame: 0-85 minutes

  7. Subjective Appetite- Fullness

    Visual Analog Scales were employed to assess subjective appetite based on feelings of FullnessUnits were measured in mm (based on a 100mm scale).

    Time frame: 0-85 minutes

  8. Subjective Appetite- Prospective Food Consumption

    Visual Analog Scales were employed to assess subjective appetite based on Prospective Food Consumption. Units were measured in mm (based on a 100mm scale).

    Time frame: 0-85 minutes

  9. Food Intake

    Participants were provided an ad libitum pizza meal. The participants were instructed to eat during the next 20 min until they were comfortably full. Based on the participant preferences determined during screening, two varieties of Deep 'N Delicious 5-inch-diameter pizza were provided for consumption; pepperoni and three-cheese pizzas (McCain Canada Ltd., Florenceville, Ontario, Canada). Units were measuring in kcal.

    Time frame: 65-85 minutes

06

Study locations

1 site
  • University of Toronto
    Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
07

References and documents

Publications

  • Schwartz A, Patel BP, Vien S, McCrindle BW, Anderson GH, Hamilton J. Acute decrease in serum testosterone after a mixed glucose and protein beverage in obese peripubertal boys. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015 Sep;83(3):332-8. doi: 10.1111/cen.12630. Epub 2014 Nov 27. PubMed 25308907 ↗
  • Anderson KE, Rosner W, Khan MS, New MI, Pang SY, Wissel PS, Kappas A. Diet-hormone interactions: protein/carbohydrate ratio alters reciprocally the plasma levels of testosterone and cortisol and their respective binding globulins in man. Life Sci. 1987 May 4;40(18):1761-8. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(87)90086-5. PubMed 3573976 ↗
  • Caronia LM, Dwyer AA, Hayden D, Amati F, Pitteloud N, Hayes FJ. Abrupt decrease in serum testosterone levels after an oral glucose load in men: implications for screening for hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Feb;78(2):291-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04486.x. PubMed 22804876 ↗
  • Anderson GH, Hunschede S, Akilen R, Kubant R. Physiology of Food Intake Control in Children. Adv Nutr. 2016 Jan 15;7(1):232S-240S. doi: 10.3945/an.115.009357. Print 2016 Jan. PubMed 26773031 ↗
  • Konforte D, Shea JL, Kyriakopoulou L, Colantonio D, Cohen AH, Shaw J, Bailey D, Chan MK, Armbruster D, Adeli K. Complex biological pattern of fertility hormones in children and adolescents: a study of healthy children from the CALIPER cohort and establishment of pediatric reference intervals. Clin Chem. 2013 Aug;59(8):1215-27. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.204123. Epub 2013 May 1. PubMed 23637248 ↗
  • Du M, Shen QW, Zhu MJ, Ford SP. Leucine stimulates mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in C2C12 myoblasts in part through inhibition of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. J Anim Sci. 2007 Apr;85(4):919-27. doi: 10.2527/jas.2006-342. Epub 2006 Dec 18. PubMed 17178807 ↗
  • Caufriez A. The pubertal spurt: effects of sex steroids on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1997 Feb;71(2):215-7. doi: 10.1016/s0301-2115(96)02638-3. PubMed 9138969 ↗
  • Schwartz A, Hunschede S, Lacombe RJS, Chatterjee D, Sanchez-Hernandez D, Kubant R, Bazinet RP, Hamilton JK, Anderson GH. Acute decrease in plasma testosterone and appetite after either glucose or protein beverages in adolescent males. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2019 Aug;91(2):295-303. doi: 10.1111/cen.14005. Epub 2019 May 16. PubMed 31055857 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No — Individual participant data will not be made available to other researchers.Participant's identities will be kept confidential. Records will be kept in a locked filing cabinet in the Fitzgerald building at 150 College Street, room 305. Access will be restricted to those directly involved with the project, such as the investigator and the co-investigators. Following recruitment and attainment of informed consent, participants will be given an ID # which will be used on all forms and data analysis. Informed consent forms will be kept in a locked cabinet in a locked office, contain participant names. Research records will be identified by initials, ID number, test and date. Results identified by date and ID number will only be entered on password-protected personal computers kept in locked laboratories or offices at the University of Toronto. Any electronic data will be held on encrypted computers and USB sticks for the same period of time.

08

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT03412136
Lead sponsor
University of Toronto
Collaborators
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
Responsible party
G. Harvey Anderson (Full Professor, University of Toronto) — Principal investigator
First posted
Jan 26, 2018
Start date
Mar 8, 2014
Primary completion
Apr 10, 2016
Completion
Apr 10, 2016
Last update
Jan 26, 2018

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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