An interventional study of Pretzels and Mixed nuts in Satiety, sponsored by San Diego State University. Recruiting at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 55 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-01-21.
Sponsored by San Diego State University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Prevention
The first goal of the proposed study is to determine acute and long-term effects of mixed nuts (almonds, hazelnuts, pecans, pistachios, walnuts, and peanuts) on metabolic parameters and weight management. While numerous studies have shown the beneficial effects of nuts on promoting negative energy balance and weight loss, mechanistic studies exploring how the inclusion of nuts in the diet promotes a negative energy balance and weight loss have not been conducted. The second goal is to determine the mechanisms by which mixed nut consumption regulates of food intake and body weight.
Exclusion Criteria:
Other: Pretzels
Other: Mixed nuts
Subjects consume 240 kcal of pretzels daily for 16 weeks.
Subjects consume 240 kcal of mixed nuts daily for 16 weeks.
Change of Satiety
Hunger feeling (appetite) will be examined using visual analog scale (0-10): 0 least and 10 greatest
Time frame: 0, 20, 40, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post snack consumption
Change of glucose level
Glucose level will be examined using glucose analysis
Time frame: Baseline, 40 minutes post snack consumption, and 8 weeks and 16 weeks post daily consumption
Change of insulin level
Insulin level will be examined using an ELISA biochemical method
Time frame: Baseline, 40 minutes post snack consumption, and 8 weeks and 16 weeks post daily consumption
Change of cholesterol levels
Cholesterol levels will be examined using a biochemical method
Time frame: 8 weeks and 16 weeks post daily consumption
Change of Lp(a)
Lp(a) levels will be examined using an ELISA biochemical method
Time frame: 8 weeks and 16 weeks post daily consumption
Change of microbiome
Diversity of microbiome will be analyzed in fecal samples
Time frame: 8 weeks and 16 weeks post daily consumption
Plan to share: Undecided
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San Diego State University