ClinicalTrials.gg
CompletedNCT03337139Updated Jan 5, 2021Results posted

FitLink: Improving Weight Loss Maintenance by Using Digital Data to Provide Support and Accountability

An interventional study of Gold Standard Behavior Therapy for Weight Loss and Standard Remote Behavior Therapy for Weight Loss in Obesity, Overweight and Overweight and Obesity, sponsored by Drexel University. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 70 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2021-01-05.

Sponsored by Drexel University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment

Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
87
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
18 Years to 70 Years
Sex
All
01

Where this study stands

Counted across the records on this site · 2026-11-12

Among 23 studies in Obesity by Drexel University — 1 open to participants now, 3 under way, none of them phase 3. Obesity · Drexel University.

Enrollment
11th of 22
87 · median 84
Started
2017
with 1 other
No phase
23 of 23
1 open now
Registered
9th of 23
by date

Among the 23 studies in Obesity by Drexel University, this one is the 11th largest by enrollment of the 22 interventional ones that give a count, is one of 2 that started in 2017, is one of 23 with no phase, and was the 9th registered.

Obesity

11,522 studies on the registry are indexed under Obesity; 2,033 are open to participants now.

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Open to participants now

1 of the 23 studies in Obesity by Drexel University is open now, in 1 country. Recruiting first, the newest first:

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Where they have run

Who these studies take

Of the 1,336 Obesity studies recruiting now, 377 (28%) set no upper age limit and 856 (64%) stop at 75 or younger; 168 take children under 18; 491 take healthy volunteers.

This study: 18 Years to 70 Years · all sexes · no healthy volunteers.

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02

Study summary

Most adults in the U.S. are overweight or obese and find maintenance of weight loss difficult. This study is designed to aid in the development of a lifestyle modification program that can facilitate weight loss maintenance, without requiring long-term visits to a clinic for maintenance treatment.

Read the detailed description

In a lifestyle modification program, contact with an interventionist (e.g., weight loss coach) creates a sense of supportive accountability that can facilitate behavior change and weight loss. Sustaining a strong sense of supportive accountability after face-to-face intervention contact ends has the potential to improve outcomes during the notoriously difficult weight loss maintenance period. One innovative way of facilitating supportive accountability is providing participants with digital tools that objectively measure weight and physical activity and track food intake in real-time, making the data from those tools automatically and continuously available to coaches, and designing the timing and content of intervention contacts such that they are responsive to the shared data. Although tools that allow for data sharing from sensors and Internet-based applications are readily available, the ways in which they are integrated into intervention contacts in a lifestyle modification program are not yet optimized, and research has not systematically evaluated the effect of data sharing on behavior. Overweight and obese participants (n = 90) will be recruited from the community for a small randomized controlled trial in order to test the feasibility, acceptability, efficacy, and mechanisms of action of a lifestyle modification intervention enhanced with data sharing. In weeks 1-12 of the program (i.e., Phase I), all participants will attend 12 weekly, face-to-face, group-based behavioral treatment sessions to induce weight loss. Participants will be provided with a wireless body weight scale, physical activity sensor, and digital food record app and instructed to use them daily use for self-monitoring purposes. In Phase II (weeks 13-52), participants will be randomly assigned to the standard (LM) or enhanced version of remote lifestyle modification (LM+SHARE). Neither condition will have face-to-face intervention contact during Phase II; remote intervention contact will consist of brief phone calls and text messages provided by the participant's coach. Participants in both conditions will be prescribed continued daily use of the three self-monitoring devices. In the standard LM condition, no digital data from these devices will be directly shared with coaches; intervention encounters will be informed only by the infrequent, delayed self-report of participants (which is the current standard of long-term obesity care), and timing of text messages will be fixed. In LM+SHARE, the digital tools will automatically and continuously transmit body weight, physical activity, and food record data to the coach. In LM+SHARE, supportive accountability will be enhanced in three ways: 1) participants will receive automated alerts after coaches view their data, 2) timing of personalized text messages from coaches will be responsive to clinically notable change in weight, physical activity, calorie intake, or use of scale, physical activity sensor, or food record tool, and 3) content of the text messages and phone calls will be informed by the digital data the coach has viewed, as well as the expectation that the coach will continue viewing data in order to provide ongoing support. Assessments will be completed at 0, 12, 26, and 52 weeks.

03

Conditions studied

  • Obesity
  • Overweight
  • Overweight and Obesity
  • Weight Loss

Keywords

  • Weight Loss
  • Obesity
  • Overweight
  • Behavioral Weight Loss
04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years to 70 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Adults aged 18-70 years with a of 25-45 kg/m2 and weight \<160 kg
  • Access to a smartphone
  • Satisfactory completion of all enrollment procedures
  • Ability to engage in physical activity (i.e. can walk at least 2 blocks without stopping for rest)

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Medical condition (i.e. acute coronary syndrome, type 1 diabetes, renal failure) or psychiatric condition (i.e. active substance abuse, eating disorder) that may:

    • Pose a risk to the participant during the intervention
    • Cause a change in weight
    • Limit ability to comply with the behavioral recommendations of the program
  • Pregnant or planning pregnancy in the next 1 year
  • Planned move out of the Philadelphia area during the data collection period
  • Use of a pacemaker (incompatible with wireless scale technology)
  • Recently began or changed the dosage of a medication that can cause significant change in weight
  • History of bariatric surgery
  • Weight loss of > 10% in the previous 3 months
Terms in these criteria, in plain language(1)

Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.

BMI (body mass index)

Weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared. Example: 70 kg and 1.75 m gives 70 ÷ (1.75 × 1.75) ≈ 22.9.

What counts as overweight or obesity differs between countries (some use lower cut-offs), so go by the range the study states.

05

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
Single (Outcomes assessor)
Enrollment
87 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Active comparator
    Lifestyle Modification

    Three months of standard, group-based behavioral treatment for weight loss and nine months of remote individual behavioral treatment based on self-report.

    Behavioral: Gold Standard Behavior Therapy for Weight Loss · Behavioral: Standard Remote Behavior Therapy for Weight Loss

  • Experimental
    Lifestyle Modification + Share

    Three months of standard, group-based behavioral treatment for weight loss and nine months of remote individual behavioral treatment based on digital data shared with clinicians.

    Behavioral: Gold Standard Behavior Therapy for Weight Loss · Behavioral: Digital Data Sharing Behavior Therapy for Weight Loss

Interventions

  • BehavioralGold Standard Behavior Therapy for Weight Loss

    Group-based behavioral treatment for weight loss, with a standard emphasis on diet (65% of session) and physical activity goals (25% of session). Other weight loss behaviors such as self monitoring will be covered in the remaining time (10% of session). Participants will be asked to utilize digital monitoring devices for physical activity, weight, and diet. Coaches will not have access to the digital data that participants provide on physical activity, weight, and diet monitoring devices.

  • BehavioralStandard Remote Behavior Therapy for Weight Loss

    Individual, monthly, brief phone calls with coach and weekly text messages. The content of these calls and messages will be determined by participant self-report. Coaches will not have access to the digital data that participants provide on physical activity, weight, and diet monitoring devices.

  • BehavioralDigital Data Sharing Behavior Therapy for Weight Loss

    Individual, monthly, brief phone calls with coach and weekly text messages. The content of these calls and messages will be determined by the digital data that has been shared with the coach from physical activity, weight, and diet monitoring devices.

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Change in Body Weight

    Objectively measured in the research clinic at each time point on a scale. Reported as weight change in kg, where negative numbers reflect weight loss and positive numbers reflect weight gain.

    Time frame: 0, 13, 26, 52 weeks

  2. Change in Physical Activity

    Objectively measured using wGT3X-BT accelerometers from Actigraph. Minutes/week of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA).

    Time frame: 13, 52 weeks

  3. Number of Participants Retained

    Feasibility and acceptability metric of retention.

    Time frame: 26, 52 weeks

  4. Number of Completed Treatment Contacts

    Feasibility and acceptability metric of completed treatment contacts (phone calls and text messages).

    Time frame: 52 weeks

  5. Treatment Acceptability Questionnaire (TAQ)

    Feasibility and acceptability metric of scores on the TAQ. Items on the TAQ consisted of 11 questions on a 7 point Likert scale asking about helpfulness and acceptability of treatment components. Items are summed to yield a total score that can range from 11-77 with higher numbers indicated higher acceptability.

    Time frame: 52 weeks

Secondary outcomes

  1. Self-monitoring Engagement

    Use of digital devices; percent of days during which weight, food, and steps were counted in Phase II. Percent calculated for each group (LM vs. LM+Share) and not for individual participants. We determined percent to be the metric that would be most easily interpreted and it accounted for any possible variability in total number of days of observations.

    Time frame: 13-52 weeks

  2. Perceived Accountability

    Change in "Perceptions of Accountability" subscale of the Supportive Accountability Scale. The measure used was a 10-item scale on which participants rated the extent to which they agreed with statements on a 7-point likert scale. A total score was generated by summing scores from individual items. Total scores ranged from 10-70 with higher scorings indicating higher perceived accountability. The outcome measure reported here is the change in total score on this measure (decrease) across Phase II where a negative score reflects a decrease in perceived accountability.

    Time frame: 52 weeks

07

Results

Posted Jan 5, 2021
Limitations and caveats
Low proportion of men and adults over age 70 limits generalizability; calls and texts were not qualitatively analyzed nor rated for treatment fidelity; length of each telephone session was not measured; it is unknown to what extent participants shared device data with friends/family/other participants and threatened contamination; low power.

Participant flow

Phase I
Participant flow — Phase I
MilestoneLifestyle ModificationLifestyle Modification + Share
Started870
Completed770
Not completed100
Withdrew: Withdrawal by subject100
Phase II
Participant flow — Phase II
MilestoneLifestyle ModificationLifestyle Modification + Share
Started3839
26 week assessment3437
Completed3336
Not completed53

Outcome measures

PrimaryChange in Body Weight

Objectively measured in the research clinic at each time point on a scale. Reported as weight change in kg, where negative numbers reflect weight loss and positive numbers reflect weight gain.

Time frame:
0, 13, 26, 52 weeks
Reported as:
Mean · kg
Change in Body Weight
kgLifestyle ModificationLifestyle Modification + Share
13 weeks-5.78 ± 4.79-5.80 ± 4.01
26 weeks-1.76 ± 2.81-1.54 ± 2.83
52 weeks1.98 ± 3.220.06 ± 4.16
Statistical analysis
  • Lifestyle Modification vs Lifestyle Modification + Share · ANCOVA · p = .98 (A priori threshold for statistical significance was p \<.05.)
  • Lifestyle Modification vs Lifestyle Modification + Share · ANCOVA · p = .75 (A priori threshold for statistical significance was p \<.05.)Controlling for Phase I weight loss
  • Lifestyle Modification vs Lifestyle Modification + Share · ANCOVA · p = .02 (A priori threshold for statistical significance was p\<.05.)Controlling for Phase I weight loss
PrimaryChange in Physical Activity

Objectively measured using wGT3X-BT accelerometers from Actigraph. Minutes/week of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA).

Time frame:
13, 52 weeks
Reported as:
Mean · min per week of bouted MVPA
Change in Physical Activity
min per week of bouted MVPALifestyle ModificationLifestyle Modification + Share
13 weeks173.62 ± 137.16125.86 ± 134.16
52 weeks94.15 ± 99.39101.68 ± 98.16
Statistical analysis
  • Lifestyle Modification vs Lifestyle Modification + Share · ANCOVA · p = .12 (A priori threshold for statistical significance was p \<.05.)
  • Lifestyle Modification vs Lifestyle Modification + Share · ANCOVA · p = .16 (A priori threshold for statistical significance was p\<.05.)Controlling for changes in Phase I MVPA
PrimaryNumber of Participants Retained

Feasibility and acceptability metric of retention.

Time frame:
26, 52 weeks
Reported as:
Count of participants · Participants
Number of Participants Retained
ParticipantsLifestyle ModificationLifestyle Modification + Share
26 weeks3437
52 weeks3336
Statistical analysis
  • Lifestyle Modification vs Lifestyle Modification + Share · Fisher Exact · p = .43 (A priori threshold for statistical significant was p\<.05.)
  • Lifestyle Modification vs Lifestyle Modification + Share · Fisher Exact · p = .48 (A priori threshold for statistical significance was p\<.05.)
PrimaryNumber of Completed Treatment Contacts

Feasibility and acceptability metric of completed treatment contacts (phone calls and text messages).

Time frame:
52 weeks
Reported as:
Mean · number completed
Number of Completed Treatment Contacts
number completedLifestyle ModificationLifestyle Modification + Share
Phone Calls7.37 ± 1.557.20 ± 1.79
Text Messages30.50 ± 3.8529.67 ± 5.94
Statistical analysis
  • Lifestyle Modification vs Lifestyle Modification + Share · Permutation test · p = .64 (A priori threshold of statistical significance was p\<.05.)Permutation test (nonparametric test) was chosen due to the violation of t-test assumptions in the data set.
  • Lifestyle Modification vs Lifestyle Modification + Share · Permutation test · p = .499 (A priori threshold for statistical significance was p\<.05.)Permutation test (nonparametric test) was chosen due to the violation of t-test assumptions in the data set.
PrimaryTreatment Acceptability Questionnaire (TAQ)

Feasibility and acceptability metric of scores on the TAQ. Items on the TAQ consisted of 11 questions on a 7 point Likert scale asking about helpfulness and acceptability of treatment components. Items are summed to yield a total score that can range from 11-77 with higher numbers indicated higher acceptability.

Time frame:
52 weeks
Reported as:
Mean · score
Treatment Acceptability Questionnaire (TAQ)
scoreLifestyle ModificationLifestyle Modification + Share
Treatment Acceptability Questionnaire (TAQ)65.62 ± 8.4365.95 ± 7.76
Statistical analysis
  • Lifestyle Modification vs Lifestyle Modification + Share · Permutation test · p = .86 (A priori threshold for statistical significance was p\<.05.)Permutation test (nonparametric test) was chosen due to the violation of t-test assumptions in the data set.
SecondarySelf-monitoring Engagement

Use of digital devices; percent of days during which weight, food, and steps were counted in Phase II. Percent calculated for each group (LM vs. LM+Share) and not for individual participants. We determined percent to be the metric that would be most easily interpreted and it accounted for any possible variability in total number of days of observations.

Time frame:
13-52 weeks
Reported as:
Number · percent days self-monitoring occurred
Self-monitoring Engagement
percent days self-monitoring occurredLifestyle ModificationLifestyle Modification + Share
Weight4358
Eating4167
Physical Activity7980
Statistical analysis
  • Lifestyle Modification vs Lifestyle Modification + Share · ANCOVA · p = .002 (A priori threshold for statistical significance was p\<.05.)Controlling for Phase I engagement in self-monitoring
  • Lifestyle Modification vs Lifestyle Modification + Share · ANCOVA · p = .001 (A priori threshold for statistical significance was p\<.05.)Controlling for Phase I engagement in self-monitoring
  • Lifestyle Modification vs Lifestyle Modification + Share · ANCOVA · p = .25 (A priori threshold for statistical significance was p\<.05.)Controlling for Phase I engagement in self-monitoring
SecondaryPerceived Accountability

Change in "Perceptions of Accountability" subscale of the Supportive Accountability Scale. The measure used was a 10-item scale on which participants rated the extent to which they agreed with statements on a 7-point likert scale. A total score was generated by summing scores from individual items. Total scores ranged from 10-70 with higher scorings indicating higher perceived accountability. The outcome measure reported here is the change in total score on this measure (decrease) across Phase II where a negative score reflects a decrease in perceived accountability.

Time frame:
52 weeks
Reported as:
Mean · unit change
Perceived Accountability
unit changeLifestyle ModificationLifestyle Modification + Share
Perceived Accountability8.28 ± 15.256.88 ± 16.05
Statistical analysis
  • Lifestyle Modification vs Lifestyle Modification + Share · ANCOVA · p = .005 (A priori threshold for statistical significance was p\<.05.)Controlling for Phase I perceived supportive accountability

Adverse events

Collected over 52 weeks (entire study period). Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.

Adverse event summary by group
GroupDeathsSeriousOther
Lifestyle Modification0/38 (0%)0/38 (0%)0/38 (0%)
Lifestyle Modification + Share0/39 (0%)0/39 (0%)3/39 (7.7%)
Most frequent other events
Most frequent other events
EventLifestyle ModificationLifestyle Modification + Share
GallstonesGastrointestinal disorders0/381/39
LightheadednessVascular disorders0/381/39
Kidney StoneRenal and urinary disorders0/381/39

Baseline characteristics

Age, Continuous
Age, Continuous(years)Lifestyle ModificationLifestyle Modification + ShareTotal
Mean51.71 ± 13.3349.84 ± 13.5650.77 ± 13.39
Sex: Female, Male
Sex: Female, Male(Participants)Lifestyle ModificationLifestyle Modification + ShareTotal
Female303262
Male8715
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)(Participants)Lifestyle ModificationLifestyle Modification + ShareTotal
Hispanic or Latino213
Not Hispanic or Latino363874
Unknown or Not Reported000
Race (NIH/OMB)
Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants)Lifestyle ModificationLifestyle Modification + ShareTotal
American Indian or Alaska Native101
Asian202
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander000
Black or African American131528
White192241
More than one race325
Unknown or Not Reported000
Region of Enrollment
Region of Enrollment(participants)Lifestyle ModificationLifestyle Modification + ShareTotal
United States383977
08

Study locations

1 site
  • Drexel University
    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
09

References and documents

Publications

  • Butryn ML, Martinelli MK, Crane NT, Godfrey K, Roberts SR, Zhang F, Forman EM. Counselor Surveillance of Digital Self-Monitoring Data: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020 Dec;28(12):2339-2346. doi: 10.1002/oby.23015. Epub 2020 Oct 23. PubMed 33098278 ↗
  • Schumacher LM, Martinelli MK, Convertino AD, Forman EM, Butryn ML. Weight-Related Information Avoidance Prospectively Predicts Poorer Self-Monitoring and Engagement in a Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention. Ann Behav Med. 2021 Mar 16;55(2):103-111. doi: 10.1093/abm/kaaa034. PubMed 32491152 ↗

Study documents

PDFs hosted by the registry, ClinicalTrials.gov.

10

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
ElapsedEstimatedEstimated, not yet reachedSimilar studies: half by the dot; the band is the middle halfHalf of similar studies reached it by the dot; the band is the middle half, from a quarter to three quarters

Ran from Nov 2017 to primary completion in May 2019, 18 months.

Results were first posted in Jan 2021, 1 year 7 months after primary completion.

Of 3,680 non-industry interventional studies with no phase under Obesity, half reached primary completion within 23 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 10 and three quarters within 43. This study's 18 months is below that.

Counting every sponsor, half of 3,843 studies reached it within 22 months; a quarter within 10 and three quarters within 42.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
Nov 7, 2017
First posted
Nov 8, 2017
StartActual
Nov 17, 2017
Primary completionActual
May 31, 2019
CompletionActual
May 31, 2019
Results first posted
Jan 5, 2021
Last update
Jan 5, 2021
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Jan 5, 2021, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
11

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT03337139
Lead sponsor
Drexel University
Collaborators
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR)
Responsible party
Meghan Butryn (Principle Investigator, Drexel University) — Principal investigator
First posted
Nov 8, 2017
Start date
Nov 17, 2017
Primary completion
May 31, 2019
Completion
May 31, 2019
Results posted
Jan 5, 2021
Last update
Jan 5, 2021

Study contacts

Meghan L Butryn, Ph.D.
principal investigator · Drexel University

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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