ClinicalTrials.gg
RecruitingNCT02983370CORTIVISUpdated May 5, 2026

Development of a Cortical Visual Neuroprosthesis for the Blind

An interventional study of Minicraniotomy in Blindness, sponsored by Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche. Recruiting at 2 sites in Spain. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 70 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-05-05.

Sponsored by Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche · Not applicable, Interventional, and Other

From the registry’s dates

  • Started Oct 2019; still recruiting 7 years 1 month later.
Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
5
Allocation
Not applicable
Ages
18 Years to 70 Years
Sex
All
01

Study summary

The objective of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of a cortical visual prosthesis based on intracortical microelectrodes to provide a limited but useful sense of vision to profoundly blind. This pilot study will provide important information on safety and efficacy for the development of an useful cortical visual neuroprosthesis for the blind.

Read the detailed description

Visual impairment is one of the ten most prevalent disabilities and poses extraordinary challenges to individuals in our society, which is heavily dependent on sight. Drug development and genetic engineering have had only marginal success as possible treatments but new hope has been generated by recent advances in neuroscience, micro-fabrication technologies, biomaterials, neuromorphic engineering and information and communication technologies leading to the development of highly sophisticated neural prosthetic devices which interact with the nervous system. Such assistive devices have already allowed thousands of deaf patients to hear sounds and acquire language abilities and the same hope exists in the field of visual rehabilitation.

Several research groups worldwide are engaged in attempts to restore vision through retinal prosthesis. However these devices are not viable for all causes of blindness. Thus, if the communication link between eye and brain is destroyed (e.g. for Glaucoma or optic nerve atrophy), as is the case for 148 million people worldwide, then visual cortical prosthesis holds the dominant hope for visual restoration. Consequently, there are many compelling reasons to pursue the development of a cortical prosthesis capable of restoring some useful vision in profoundly blind patients and this approach may be the only treatment available for end-stage retinitis pigmentosa patients and for pathologies such as glaucoma optic atrophy, trauma to the retina and/or optic nerves, and for diseases of the central visual pathways due to brain injuries or stroke.

The investigators will implant the CORTIVIS vision neuroprosthetic system, which utilizes a FDA cleared microelectrode array, into blind human volunteers and obtain descriptive feedback about visualized percepts. The experiments are designed to learn if volunteers can learn to integrate the electrical stimulation of brain visual areas into meaningful percepts. It is expected that a cortical device can create truly meaningful visual percepts that can be translated into functional gains such as the recognition, localization and grasping of objects or skillful navigation in familiar an unfamiliar environments resulting in a substantial improvement in the standard of living of blind and visually impaired persons.

All the experiments will be carried out at the patient's hospital room (Hospital IMED Elche) during the post-surgical period or in a human psychophysical laboratory (University Miguel Hernández).

02

Conditions studied

  • Blindness

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03

In context

Blindness

144 studies on the registry are indexed under Blindness; 33 are open to participants now.

This study's planned enrollment of 5 is below the median of 37 across 101 interventional studies indexed under Blindness.

Browse Blindness studies →

Lead sponsor

Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche is the lead sponsor of 87 studies on the registry; 16 are open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years to 70 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Participant is capable and willing to provide for participation in the trial.
  • Severe visual impairment with bilateral visual loss.
  • Greater than 18 years of age.
  • General health: excellent.
  • Following a general physical and neurological examination, patient must have normal serum electrolytes, C-reactive protein, complete blood count and PT and .
  • No history of stroke, seizure, coagulopathy, cardiac arrhythmias or ischemia, pulmonary, hepatic or renal disease, nor transmissible viruses such as hepatitis or .
  • Stable dose of current regular medication for at least four weeks prior to trial entry.
  • Able to perform the study during the full time period of up to 6 months.

Special consideration will be given to patients with (1) detailed medical histories, including documentation of the onset, mechanism and evolution of the blindness; (2) lower risks associated with surgery; and (3) no psychiatric disorders or other mental disabilities.

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Age \<18 or >70.
  • Period of appropriate visual functions \< 12 years /lifetime.
  • For medical reasons: Individuals with a history of seizure disorders, coagulopathy, cardiac arrythmias or ischemia, pulmonary, hepatic or renal disease, and any other neurological disorder. Patients who carry a transmissible virus such as hepatitis and individuals with -related neuropathies.
  • Vulnerable subject groups (e.g., pregnant women, prisoners, etc.).
  • Persons unable to give written prior to participation in the study.
  • Not able to perform the study during the full time period (at least 3 months).
  • Any other significant disease or disorder which, in the opinion of the Investigator, may either put the participants at risk because of participation in the trial, or may influence the result of the trial, or the participant's ability to participate in the trial.
Terms in these criteria, in plain language(3)

Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.

Informed consent

Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.

You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.

INR, PT and aPTT (clotting tests)

Blood tests of how long blood takes to clot. The INR is the prothrombin time (PT) put on a common scale; about 1 is usual for someone not taking a blood thinner.

Criteria often make an exception for people on a blood thinner such as warfarin, whose INR is raised on purpose.

HIV

The human immunodeficiency virus, which weakens the immune system.

Many studies now accept people whose HIV is controlled on treatment, judged by the viral load and the CD4 count. Check the limits this study sets.

05

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Other
Allocation
Not applicable
Intervention model
Single group
Masking
None (open label)
Enrollment
5 participants (estimated)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Blind volunteer

    Blind volunteers will be implanted with our existing vision neuroprosthetic system, which utilizes a FDA cleared microelectrode array, using a minicraniotomy. The array will be implanted near the occipital pole or in extra striate areas. The investigators will collect descriptive feedback regarding thresholds, evoked perceptions and stimulation parameters leading to recognizable patterns.

    Procedure: Minicraniotomy

Interventions

  • ProcedureMinicraniotomy

    The surgical method for the implantation of the intracortical microelectrodes is straightforward and follows the standard neurosurgical procedures. Briefly, after the scalp is prepped with an antiseptic, a small skin incision is made. Then the skin and muscles are lifted off from the bone and folded back. Next, one small burr hole or a minicraniotomy of approximately 1.5 cm is made in the skull. This is a minimally invasive procedure that allows an easy access to the brain and is a standard procedure widely used in neurosurgery.

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Thresholds of visual perceptions elicited by intracortical microstimulation

    Charges needed for eliciting visual perceptions through electrical stimulation of the human cortex

    Time frame: Within implantation period (up to 6 months)

Secondary outcomes

  1. Phosphene mapping

    Location of induced perceptions within the visual field by pointing with the finger where the phosphene is perceived

    Time frame: Within implantation period (up to 6 months)

  2. Visual Acuity

    Spatial resolution measured by computerized visual tests

    Time frame: Within implantation period (up to 6 months)

  3. Motion perception

    Correct perception of movement with a coarse pattern moving in one of four directions

    Time frame: Within implantation period (up to 6 months)

  4. Visual function

    Effectiveness of intracortical microstimulation to recognize letters, habitual objects and complex stimulation patterrns as measured by a suite of visual function tests. Questionnaire.

    Time frame: Within implantation period (up to 6 months)

  5. Number of participants with significant adverse events.

    Complications and adverse events will be assessed through participant description of any possible adverse event, neurological examination, clinical tests and a specific questionnaire.

    Time frame: Within implantation period (up to 6 months)

07

Study locations

2 of 2 sites recruiting
  • Hospital IMED Elche
    Elche, Alicante 03202, Spain
    Recruiting
  • Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche
    Elche, Alicante 03202, Spain
    Recruiting
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Martinez-Alvarez A, Crespo-Cano R, Diaz-Tahoces A, Cuenca-Asensi S, Ferrandez Vicente JM, Fernandez E. Automatic Tuning of a Retina Model for a Cortical Visual Neuroprosthesis Using a Multi-Objective Optimization Genetic Algorithm. Int J Neural Syst. 2016 Nov;26(7):1650021. doi: 10.1142/S0129065716500210. Epub 2016 Mar 29. PubMed 27354187 ↗
  • Alfaro A, Bernabeu A, Agullo C, Parra J, Fernandez E. Hearing colors: an example of brain plasticity. Front Syst Neurosci. 2015 Apr 14;9:56. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00056. eCollection 2015. PubMed 25926778 ↗
  • Fernandez E, Greger B, House PA, Aranda I, Botella C, Albisua J, Soto-Sanchez C, Alfaro A, Normann RA. Acute human brain responses to intracortical microelectrode arrays: challenges and future prospects. Front Neuroeng. 2014 Jul 21;7:24. doi: 10.3389/fneng.2014.00024. eCollection 2014. PubMed 25100989 ↗
  • Normann RA, Greger B, House P, Romero SF, Pelayo F, Fernandez E. Toward the development of a cortically based visual neuroprosthesis. J Neural Eng. 2009 Jun;6(3):035001. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/6/3/035001. Epub 2009 May 20. PubMed 19458403 ↗
  • Warren DJ, Fernandez E, Normann RA. High-resolution two-dimensional spatial mapping of cat striate cortex using a 100-microelectrode array. Neuroscience. 2001;105(1):19-31. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00174-9. PubMed 11483297 ↗
  • Maynard EM, Fernandez E, Normann RA. A technique to prevent dural adhesions to chronically implanted microelectrode arrays. J Neurosci Methods. 2000 Apr 15;97(2):93-101. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0270(00)00159-x. PubMed 10788663 ↗
  • Morillas CA, Romero SF, Martinez A, Pelayo FJ, Ros E, Fernandez E. A design framework to model retinas. Biosystems. 2007 Feb;87(2-3):156-63. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2006.09.009. Epub 2006 Sep 7. PubMed 17011701 ↗
  • Fernandez E, Pelayo F, Romero S, Bongard M, Marin C, Alfaro A, Merabet L. Development of a cortical visual neuroprosthesis for the blind: the relevance of neuroplasticity. J Neural Eng. 2005 Dec;2(4):R1-12. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/2/4/R01. Epub 2005 Nov 29. PubMed 16317227 ↗
  • Marin C, Fernandez E. Biocompatibility of intracortical microelectrodes: current status and future prospects. Front Neuroeng. 2010 May 28;3:8. doi: 10.3389/fneng.2010.00008. eCollection 2010. PubMed 20577634 ↗
  • Bernabeu A, Alfaro A, Garcia M, Fernandez E. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) reveals the presence of elevated myo-inositol in the occipital cortex of blind subjects. Neuroimage. 2009 Oct 1;47(4):1172-6. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.080. Epub 2009 May 5. PubMed 19426816 ↗
  • Normann RA, Fernandez E. Clinical applications of penetrating neural interfaces and Utah Electrode Array technologies. J Neural Eng. 2016 Dec;13(6):061003. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/6/061003. Epub 2016 Oct 20. PubMed 27762237 ↗
  • Fernandez E, Alfaro A, Soto-Sanchez C, Gonzalez-Lopez P, Lozano AM, Pena S, Grima MD, Rodil A, Gomez B, Chen X, Roelfsema PR, Rolston JD, Davis TS, Normann RA. Visual percepts evoked with an intracortical 96-channel microelectrode array inserted in human occipital cortex. J Clin Invest. 2021 Dec 1;131(23):e151331. doi: 10.1172/JCI151331. PubMed 34665780 ↗
  • Kucukoglu B, Soo L, Leeftink D, Grani F, Soto Sanchez C, Guclu U, van Gerven M, Fernandez E. Bayesian optimization of cortical neuroprosthetic vision using perceptual feedback. J Neural Eng. 2025 Jul 24;22(4). doi: 10.1088/1741-2552/adeae9. PubMed 40602416 ↗
  • Alfaro A, Soo L, Waclawczyk D, Morollon R, Grani F, Fernandez E. The unexpected sight: improvement of visual function following intracortical microstimulation of the human occipital cortex. Brain Commun. 2026 Feb 3;8(1):fcaf504. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaf504. eCollection 2026. PubMed 41788163 ↗
  • Lozano A, Chen X, La Grouw M, Li B, Wang F, van der Grinten M, Soto-Sanchez C, Morales-Gregorio A, Fernandez E, Roelfsema PR. Large-scale mapping of artificial perceptions for neuroprostheses using spontaneous neuronal activity in macaque and human visual cortex. Brain Stimul. 2026 Jan-Feb;19(1):103019. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2025.103019. Epub 2025 Dec 29. PubMed 41475513 ↗
  • Grani F, Soto-Sanchez C, Rodil Doblado A, Lopez Peco R, Gonzalez-Lopez P, Fernandez E. Neural correlates of phosphene perception in blind individuals: A step toward a bidirectional cortical visual prosthesis. Sci Adv. 2025 Nov 7;11(45):eadv8846. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adv8846. Epub 2025 Nov 5. PubMed 41191758 ↗
  • Ruiz RM, Garces JAC, Soo L, Fernandez E. Enhancing Orientation and Mobility Assessments: Integrating Visual and Auditory Factors Using Artificial Intelligence Tools. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2025 Jul 1;14(7):14. doi: 10.1167/tvst.14.7.14. PubMed 40689721 ↗
  • Waclawczyk D, Soo L, Morollon Ruiz R, Caspi A, Fernandez E. Integrating Eye-Tracking With Cortical Visual Prostheses in Patients Without Eyes: A Case Study. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2025;33:3998-4007. doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3615286. PubMed 41021945 ↗
  • Lopez-Peco R, Val-Calvo M, Soto-Sanchez C, Villamarin-Ortiz A, Ruiz-Boix G, Ferrandez-Vicente JM, Fernandez E. Neuronal Waveform Classification in Multielectrode Recordings Using Machine Learning Techniques and Multidimensional Analysis. Int J Neural Syst. 2025 Jun;35(6):2550031. doi: 10.1142/S0129065725500315. PubMed 40375639 ↗
  • Farfan FD, Soo L, Grani F, Grima-Murcia MD, Fernandez E. Brain connectivity changes in response to cortical electrical stimulation in blind neuroprosthesis users. Cereb Cortex. 2025 Apr 1;35(4):bhaf075. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhaf075. PubMed 40173310 ↗
  • Fernandez E, Robles JA. Advances and challenges in the development of visual prostheses. PLoS Biol. 2024 Oct 24;22(10):e3002896. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002896. eCollection 2024 Oct. PubMed 39446886 ↗
  • Rocca A, Lehner C, Wafula-Wekesa E, Luna E, Fernandez-Cornejo V, Abarca-Olivas J, Soto-Sanchez C, Fernandez-Jover E, Gonzalez-Lopez P. Robot-assisted implantation of a microelectrode array in the occipital lobe as a visual prosthesis: technical note. J Neurosurg. 2023 Oct 27;140(4):1169-1176. doi: 10.3171/2023.8.JNS23772. Print 2024 Apr 1. PubMed 37890180 ↗
  • Grani F, Soto-Sanchez C, Fimia A, Fernandez E. Toward a personalized closed-loop stimulation of the visual cortex: Advances and challenges. Front Cell Neurosci. 2022 Dec 13;16:1034270. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1034270. eCollection 2022. PubMed 36582211 ↗
  • Grani F, Soto-Sanchez C, Farfan FD, Alfaro A, Grima MD, Rodil Doblado A, Fernandez E. Time stability and connectivity analysis with an intracortical 96-channel microelectrode array inserted in human visual cortex. J Neural Eng. 2022 Jul 22;19(4). doi: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac801d. PubMed 35817011 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No

09

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
ElapsedEstimatedEstimated, not yet reachedSimilar studies: half by the dot; the band is the middle halfHalf of similar studies reached it by the dot; the band is the middle half, from a quarter to three quarters

Started Oct 2019 (actual). Primary completion is estimated for Dec 2027, 98 months after the start.

Of 36 interventional studies with no phase under Blindness, half reached primary completion within 57 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 19. This study's planned 98 months is above that.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
Sep 12, 2016
First posted
Dec 6, 2016
StartActual
Oct 1, 2019
Primary completionEst.
Dec 2027
CompletionEst.
Oct 2028
Last update
May 5, 2026
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on May 5, 2026, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT02983370
Lead sponsor
Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche
Collaborators
Hospital IMED Elche
Responsible party
Eduardo Fernandez (MD and PhD, Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche) — Principal investigator
First posted
Dec 6, 2016
Start date
Oct 1, 2019
Primary completion
Dec 2027 (estimated)
Completion
Oct 2028 (estimated)
Last update
May 5, 2026

Study contacts

Eduardo Fernandez, MD and PhD
Contact
e.fernandez@umh.es
+34 965222001
Eduardo Fernandez, MD and PhD
principal investigator · Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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