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CompletedNCT02953756Updated Aug 14, 2020

Cognitive Outcome After Gamma Knife Radiosurgery in Patients With Brain Metastases (CAR-Study A)

An observational study in Neoplasm Metastases, sponsored by Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis. Completed at 1 site in Netherlands. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2020-08-14.

Sponsored by Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis · Observational

Study type
Observational
Model
Case-only
Time perspective
Prospective
Enrollment
92
Ages
18 Years and older
Sex
All
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Study summary

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is increasingly applied in patients with brain metastases (BM) and is expected to have less adverse effects on cognitive functioning than Whole Brain Radiation Therapy (WBRT). Because cognitive functions are essential for daily functioning, and may affect therapy compliance and quality of life in general, a full understanding of cognitive functioning in patients with BM after SRS is essential.

CAR-Study A is a prospective study to evaluate cognitive functioning in patients with 1-10 BM accepted for treatment with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS).

Read the detailed description

CAR-Study A is a prospective study to evaluate cognitive functioning after GKRS in patients with 1-10 newly diagnosed brain metastases on a triple dose gadolinium-enhanced MRI-scan. Neuropsychological assessment will be performed at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 21 months after treatment. Follow-up assessments will be combined with 3-monthly MRI-scans.

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Conditions studied

  • Neoplasm Metastases

Keywords

  • Brain metastases
  • Cognition
  • Radiosurgery
  • Stereotactic radiosurgery
  • Gamma Knife Radiosurgery
  • Quality of Life
  • Fatigue
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
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In context

Neoplasm Metastasis

3,517 studies on the registry are indexed under Neoplasm Metastasis; 885 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 92 is below the median of 121 across 594 observational studies indexed under Neoplasm Metastasis.

Browse Neoplasm Metastasis studies →

Lead sponsor

Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis is the lead sponsor of 11 studies on the registry; none are open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

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Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years and older
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No
Sampling method
Non-probability sample

Study population

Consecutive patients with 1-10 newly diagnosed brain metastases on a triple dose gadolinium-enhanced MRI-scan accepted for treatment with GKRS at the Gamma Knife Center Tilburg, The Netherlands.

Inclusion criteria

  • Histologically proven malignant cancer
  • 1-10 newly diagnosed brain metastases on a triple dose gadolinium-enhanced MRI-scan
  • Maximum total tumor volume 30 cm3
  • Lesion ≥ 3 mm from the optic apparatus
  • Age ≥ 18 years
  • Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) ≥ 70
  • Anticipated survival > 3 months

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • No prior histologic confirmation of malignancy
  • Primary brain tumor
  • A second active primary tumor
  • Small cell lung cancer
  • Lymphoma
  • Leukemia
  • Meningeal disease
  • Progressive, symptomatic systemic disease without further treatment options
  • Prior brain radiation
  • Prior surgical resection of brain metastases
  • Additional history of a significant neurological or psychiatric disorder
  • Participation in a concurrent study in which neuropsychological testing and/or health-related QOL assessments are involved
  • Contra indications to MRI or gadolinium contrast
  • Underlying medical condition precluding adequate follow-up
  • Lack of basic proficiency in Dutch
  • IQ below 85
  • Severe aphasia
  • Paralysis grade 0-3 according to MRC scale (Medical Research Council)
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Study design

Observational model
Case-only
Time perspective
Prospective
Enrollment
92 participants (actual)
Patient registry
No

Groups and cohorts

  • Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)

    Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS)

    Radiation: Gamma Knife radiosurgery

Interventions

  • RadiationGamma Knife radiosurgery

    Gamma Knife radiosurgery will be performed with a Leksell Gamma Knife® Icon, Elekta Instruments, AB. Depending upon the tumor volume, a dose of 18-25 Gy will be prescribed with 99-100% coverage of the target

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What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Change in verbal memory

    Verbal memory is measured with the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R)

    Time frame: Baseline and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 21 months post GKRS

  2. Change in cognitive flexibility

    Cognitive flexibility is measured with the Trail Making Test B (TMT B)

    Time frame: Baseline and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 21 months post GKRS

  3. Change in word fluency

    Word Fluency is measured with the Controlled Oral Word Association (COWA)

    Time frame: Baseline and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 21 months post GKRS

  4. Change in working memory

    Working memory is measured with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Digit Span

    Time frame: Baseline and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 21 months post GKRS

  5. Change in processing speed

    Processing speed is measured with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Digit Symbol

    Time frame: Baseline and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 21 months post GKRS

  6. Change in motor dexterity

    Motor dexterity is measured with the Grooved Pegboard (GP)

    Time frame: Baseline and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 21 months post GKRS

Secondary outcomes

  1. Health Related Quality Of Life (HRQOL)

    The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Brain (FACT-Br) is used to measure HRQOL.

    Time frame: Baseline and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 21 months post GKRS

  2. Fatigue

    Fatigue is measured with the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI).

    Time frame: Baseline and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 21 months post GKRS

  3. Depression and anxiety

    Depression and anxiety are measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).

    Time frame: Baseline and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 21 months post GKRS.

  4. Median Overall Survival

    Overall survival is defined as the time in months from the start of GKRS to the date of death or last contact if alive. Kaplan-Meier methods are used to estimate overall survival.

    Time frame: 12 months after GKRS

  5. Local tumor control

    Local brain tumor control of the initial GKRS-treated lesions is defined as a complete, partial, or stable response, or less than a 25% increase in diameter on contrast-enhanced MRI follow-up and not requiring resection. Any initial treated lesions increased by more than 25% in diameter on contrast-enhanced MRI or required resection will be considered a local failure.

    Time frame: 12 months after GKRS

  6. Distant tumor control

    Distant brain tumor control is defined as the absence of any new brain metastases, distinct from the initial GKRS-treated lesion(s), on follow-up MRI. The appearance of one or more new lesions in the brain by contrast-enhanced follow-up MRI is considered distant failure.

    Time frame: 12 months after GKRS

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Study locations

1 site
  • Gamma Knife Center Tilburg, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital
    Tilburg, Noord-Brabant 5022 GC, Netherlands
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References and documents

Publications

  • Verhaak E, Schimmel WCM, Gehring K, Emons WHM, Hanssens PEJ, Sitskoorn MM. Health-related quality of life after Gamma Knife radiosurgery in patients with 1-10 brain metastases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2021 Apr;147(4):1157-1167. doi: 10.1007/s00432-020-03400-w. Epub 2020 Oct 6. PubMed 33025282 ↗
  • Schimmel WCM, Gehring K, Hanssens PEJ, Sitskoorn MM. Cognitive functioning and predictors thereof in patients with 1-10 brain metastases selected for stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurooncol. 2019 Nov;145(2):265-276. doi: 10.1007/s11060-019-03292-y. Epub 2019 Sep 24. PubMed 31552588 ↗
  • Butterbrod E, Bruijn J, Braaksma MM, Rutten GM, Tijssen CC, Hanse MCJ, Sitskoorn MM, Gehring K. Predicting disease progression in high-grade glioma with neuropsychological parameters: the value of personalized longitudinal assessment. J Neurooncol. 2019 Sep;144(3):511-518. doi: 10.1007/s11060-019-03249-1. Epub 2019 Jul 24. PubMed 31342318 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: Undecided

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Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Aug 14, 2020, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
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Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT02953756
Lead sponsor
Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis
Collaborators
Tilburg University, ZonMw: The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Nov 3, 2016
Start date
Oct 2015
Primary completion
Oct 2019
Completion
Oct 2019
Last update
Aug 14, 2020

Study contacts

Patrick EJ Hanssens, MD
principal investigator · Gamma Knife Center Tilburg, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, The Netherlands

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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This study is completed, as verified in Feb 2020. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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