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CompletedNCT02904642M-SIMIUpdated Mar 1, 2018

Mobile and Scalable Innovations for Measles Immunization: a Randomized Controlled Trial

An interventional study of SMS reminder and Unconditional Incentive in Measles, sponsored by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Completed. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2018-03-01.

Sponsored by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health · Not applicable, Interventional, and Health services research

Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
537
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
18 Years and older
Sex
All
01

Study summary

The overall objective is to test the impact of short message service (SMS) reminders, with or without unconditionally provided mobile-money incentives, can improve measles vaccination coverage in rural western Kenyan infants.

Read the detailed description

Primary Objective The primary objective is to determine if text message reminders, with or without unconditionally provided incentives, can increase the proportion of children who receive measles vaccination by 15% at age ten months as compared to control arm children.

Secondary Objectives

  1. To conduct a secondary analysis of the primary outcome using survival analysis and time-to-immunization curves.
  2. To determine if there is a differential effect on measles vaccine coverage based on mobile phone ownership and distance to the clinic.
  3. To examine the effect of the interventions on measles coverage measured at twelve months of age.
  4. To examine the completeness and costs of identifying children through a CHW approach versus the standard HDSS approach.
  5. To evaluate the effect of the interventions on coverage of second dose of measles vaccine at 24 months. This secondary objective is contingent on receiving additional funding.
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Conditions studied

  • Measles

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Keywords

  • SMS reminder
  • incentive
  • mobile phone
  • Immunization
03

In context

Measles

122 studies on the registry are indexed under Measles; 17 are open to participants now.

This study's planned enrollment of 537 is close to the median of 540 across 95 interventional studies indexed under Measles.

Browse Measles studies →

Lead sponsor

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health is the lead sponsor of 369 studies on the registry; 41 are open to participants now.

Of its 5 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 3 (60%) have results posted.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

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Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years and older
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Caregiver of infant aged 6-8 months at time of enrollment
  • Self-reported resident of one of the study villages; where the definition of a resident is defined by caregiver
  • Willing to sign informed consent for the study

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Child of enrolled caregiver has already received one dose of measles vaccine, not including any supplemental measles vaccines
  • Caregiver plans to move away in the next 6 months
05

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Health services research
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
Single (Investigator)
Enrollment
537 participants (estimated)

Study arms

  • No intervention
    Control

    All enrolled caregivers will receive a congratulatory text message at enrollment which indicates who is conducting the study and which also includes a general-health related saying, "The greatest wealth is health". No additional text messages or travel subsidies will be sent to caregivers randomized to the control arm.

  • Experimental
    SMS reminder

    At enrollment, participants will be told to expect 2 SMS reminders for measles vaccine; first, at 3 days before and second, on the day before the scheduled measles vaccine at 9 months of age. At most, enrolled caregivers will receive three text messages (two for the measles vaccine and one for welcoming mother to the study). Text messages will be sent in English, Kiswahili or Dholuo language, according to the mother's preference. These reminders will have information about the child's scheduled immunization date.

    Behavioral: SMS reminder

  • Experimental
    SMS reminder + Unconditional Incentive

    Participants will receive SMS reminders as described in the SMS reminder arm. Additionally, participants will be sent a 150 Kenyan Shillings (KES) incentive to the mobile phone number they provided at enrollment. The incentive will be delivered three days before the child turns nine months (i.e. sent on the same day as the first SMS reminder). Caregivers will receive the mobile-money incentive unconditionally. The intent of the incentive is to help offset the costs associated with transportation to the clinic. The transaction costs associated with mobile-money transactions will be borne by the study such that mothers will receive the full 150 KES.

    Behavioral: SMS reminder · Behavioral: Unconditional Incentive

Interventions

  • BehavioralSMS reminder

    Caregivers will receive two text message reminders for their child's measles immunization scheduled for 9 months of age

  • BehavioralUnconditional Incentive

    A mobile-money incentive in the amount of 150 Kenyan Shillings will be transferred to the enrolled caregiver's mobile phone when the child reaches nine months of age

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Measles vaccination coverage

    Proportion of children receiving measles vaccination by 10 months of age by study arm

    Time frame: 10 months

Secondary outcomes

  1. Time to measles vaccination (in days) using Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis

    As a secondary analysis of the primary outcome, time-to-measles immunization curves will be constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method and study arms will be compared using the Cox model. The 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles for time to immunization and the number of days delayed, in relation to the measles due date, will also be reported for each vaccine and by study arm.

    Time frame: 12 months

  2. Proportion of children who receive measles vaccination stratified by demographic variables

    A priori we will conduct sub group analyses of the primary outcome for mobile phone ownership, birth order of the enrolled caregiver's child, and time to clinic. Additional variables for subgroup analyses will come from a risk factor analysis of not receiving measles vaccination in the control arm

    Time frame: 10 months

  3. Measles vaccination coverage at 12 months

    Proportion of children who receive measles vaccination by twelve months of age by study arm

    Time frame: 12 months

  4. Vaccination coverage for second dose of measles vaccine at 24 months.

    This outcome is dependent on receiving more funding

    Time frame: 24 months

07

Study locations

No study locations are listed for this record.

08

References and documents

Publications

  • Kagucia EW, Ochieng B, Were J, Hayford K, Obor D, O'Brien KL, Gibson DG. Impact of mobile phone delivered reminders and unconditional incentives on measles-containing vaccine timeliness and coverage: a randomised controlled trial in western Kenya. BMJ Glob Health. 2021 Jan;6(1):e003357. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003357. PubMed 33509838 ↗
  • Palmer MJ, Henschke N, Bergman H, Villanueva G, Maayan N, Tamrat T, Mehl GL, Glenton C, Lewin S, Fonhus MS, Free C. Targeted client communication via mobile devices for improving maternal, neonatal, and child health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jul 14;8(8):CD013679. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013679. PubMed 32813276 ↗
  • Gibson DG, Kagucia EW, Were J, Obor D, Hayford K, Ochieng B. Text Message Reminders and Unconditional Monetary Incentives to Improve Measles Vaccination in Western Kenya: Study Protocol for the Mobile and Scalable Innovations for Measles Immunization Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2019 Jul 9;8(7):e13221. doi: 10.2196/13221. PubMed 31290405 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No

09

Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Mar 1, 2018, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
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Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT02904642
Collaborators
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Responsible party
Dustin Gibson (Assistant Scientist, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health) — Principal investigator
First posted
Sep 19, 2016
Start date
Dec 6, 2016
Primary completion
Apr 4, 2017
Completion
Apr 4, 2017
Last update
Mar 1, 2018

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Not currently enrolling

This study is completed, as verified in Feb 2018. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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