An observational study in Liver Failure, sponsored by The Cleveland Clinic. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 80 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2025-08-07.
Sponsored by The Cleveland Clinic · Observational
Consecutive patients undergoing liver transplant surgery will be included in the study. Before surgical incision, during the preanhepatic phase, during the anhepatic phase, during the postanhepatic phase and following closure of the deep fascial layer of the anterior abdominal wall simultaneous measurement of SVC diameter, SBC collapsibility index and CVP will be recorded.
Central venous pressure (CVP) measured invasively through a central venous catheter in the internal jugular vein or through a right atrial port of a pulmonary artery catheter is commonly used during liver transplant surgery. CVP measurements at the SVC-RA junction are a function of circulating blood volume, right ventricle function, intrathoracic pressure. CVP measurements can also be affected by the presence of tricuspid regurgitation. Because central venous pressure measurements are determined by several factors and do not predict the response to subsequent fluid bolus administration, they are considered "static measures" and are poor indicators of fluid responsiveness.
Given the entirely intrathoracic location of the superior vena cava (SVC), its diameter and collapsibility with positive pressure ventilation it is a potentially attractive method of non-invasively estimating CVP.
SVC diameter and collapsibility index, dynamic measures of fluid responsiveness have been successfully utilized as echocardiographic indices for fluid responsiveness in ventilated septic patients. Whether SVC collapsibility is correlated with CVP measurements in liver transplant patients is not known.
Consecutive patients undergoing liver transplant surgery will be included in the study. Before surgical incision, during the preanhepatic phase, during the anhepatic phase, during the postanhepatic phase and following closure of the deep fascial layer of the anterior abdominal wall simultaneous measurement of SVC diameter, SBC collapsibility index and CVP will be recorded.
445 studies on the registry are indexed under Liver Failure; 69 are open to participants now.
This study's enrollment of 58 is below the median of 129 across 146 observational studies indexed under Liver Failure.
Browse Liver Failure studies →The Cleveland Clinic is the lead sponsor of 818 studies on the registry; 118 are open to participants now.
Of its 89 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 72 (81%) have results posted.
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Adult patients undergoing liver transplantation surgery (cadaveric and living related)
Exclusion Criteria:
liver transplant recipient surgery
Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
Central Venous Pressure (CVP) reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart (venous return) and the ability of the heart to pump the blood into the arterial system. It was captured electronically via an automated record-keeping system. CVP were recorded by experienced anesthesiologists with expertise and qualifications in TEE at five key time points: before surgical incision, start of the preanhepatic phase, start of the anhepatic phase, start of the postanhepatic phase, and after closure of the deep fascial layer of the anterior abdominal wall. Low CVP (\< 2 mmHg) suggests hypovolemia, dehydration, or blood loss, while normal CVP (2-8 mmHg) indicates balanced fluid status. A high CVP (\> 8 mmHg) may indicate fluid overload, right heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, or cardiac tamponade.
Time frame: From the time patients enter the operating room to leaving the operating room, up to 24 hours.
Correlation of Central Venous Pressure (CVP) and Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Collapsibility Index
The Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Collapsibility Index is used to assess intravascular volume status and fluid responsiveness. The Superior Vena Cava (SVC) collapsibility index was obtained from (Maximum Diameter-Minimum Diameter)/(Maximum Diameter)\*100%. Central Venous Pressure (CVP) and SVC were recorded simultaneously by experienced anesthesiologists with expertise and qualifications in TEE at five key time points: before surgical incision, start of the preanhepatic phase, start of the anhepatic phase, start of the postanhepatic phase, and after closure of the deep fascial layer of the anterior abdominal wall. The interpretation of the SVC Collapsibility Index is categorized as follows: \< 20% indicates low collapsibility, suggesting adequate or high intravascular volume; 20-36% represents an indeterminate zone, requiring additional assessment to determine fluid responsiveness; and \> 36% reflects high collapsibility, suggesting hypovolemia or significant fluid deficit.
Time frame: From the time patients enter the operating room to leaving the operating room, up to 24 hours.
Correlation of Central Venous Pressure (CVP) and Minimum Diameter of Superior Vena Cava (SVC)
The diameter of Superior Vena Cava (normal diameter: 12-22 mm) ) was obtained using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Central Venous Pressure (CVP) and SVC were recorded simultaneously by experienced anesthesiologists with expertise and qualifications in TEE at five key time points: before surgical incision, start of the preanhepatic phase, start of the anhepatic phase, start of the postanhepatic phase, and after closure of the deep fascial layer of the anterior abdominal wall.
Time frame: From the time patients enter the operating room to leaving the operating room, up to 24 hours.
Correlation of Central Venous Pressure (CVP) and Maximum Diameter of Superior Vena Cava (SVC)
The diameter of the Superior Vena Cava (normal diameter: 12-22 mm) ) was obtained using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Central Venous Pressure (CVP) and SVC were recorded simultaneously by experienced anesthesiologists with expertise and qualifications in TEE at five key time points: before surgical incision, start of the preanhepatic phase, start of the anhepatic phase, start of the postanhepatic phase, and after closure of the deep fascial layer of the anterior abdominal wall.
Time frame: From the time patients enter the operating room to leaving the operating room, up to 24 hours.
Cardiac Index
The Cardiac Index measures the efficiency of the heart's pumping function (normal range: 2.6 to 4.2 L/min/m2). It was captured electronically via an automated record-keeping system. Cardiac Index was recorded by experienced anesthesiologists with expertise and qualifications in TEE at five key time points: before surgical incision, start of the preanhepatic phase, start of the anhepatic phase, start of the postanhepatic phase, and after closure of the deep fascial layer of the anterior abdominal wall.
Time frame: From the time patients enter the operating room to leaving the operating room, up to 24 hours.
Correlation of Cardiac Index (CI) and Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Collapsibility Index
The Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Collapsibility Index is used to assess intravascular volume status and fluid responsiveness. The Superior Vena Cava (SVC) collapsibility index was obtained from (Maximum Diameter-Minimum Diameter)/(Maximum Diameter)\*100%. Central Venous Pressure (CVP) and SVC were recorded simultaneously by experienced anesthesiologists with expertise and qualifications in TEE at five key time points: before surgical incision, start of the preanhepatic phase, start of the anhepatic phase, start of the postanhepatic phase, and after closure of the deep fascial layer of the anterior abdominal wall. The interpretation of the SVC Collapsibility Index is categorized as follows: \< 20% indicates low collapsibility, suggesting adequate or high intravascular volume; 20-36% represents an indeterminate zone, requiring additional assessment to determine fluid responsiveness; and \> 36% reflects high collapsibility, suggesting hypovolemia or significant fluid deficit.
Time frame: From the time patients enter the operating room to leaving the operating room, up to 24 hours.
Correlation of Cardiac Index (CI) and Minimum Diameter of Superior Vena Cava (SVC)
The diameter of the Superior Vena Cava (normal diameter: 12-22 mm) ) was obtained using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Cardiac Index and Superior Vena Cava (SVC) were recorded simultaneously by experienced anesthesiologists with expertise and qualifications in TEE at five key time points: before surgical incision, start of the preanhepatic phase, start of the anhepatic phase, start of the postanhepatic phase, and after closure of the deep fascial layer of the anterior abdominal wall.
Time frame: From the time patients enter the operating room to leaving the operating room, up to 24 hours.
Correlation of Cardiac Index (CI) and Maximum Diameter of Superior Vena Cava (SVC)
The diameter of the Superior Vena Cava (normal diameter: 12-22 mm) ) was obtained using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Cardiac Index and Superior Vena Cava (SVC) were recorded simultaneously by experienced anesthesiologists with expertise and qualifications in TEE at five key time points: before surgical incision, start of the preanhepatic phase, start of the anhepatic phase, start of the postanhepatic phase, and after closure of the deep fascial layer of the anterior abdominal wall.
Time frame: From the time patients enter the operating room to leaving the operating room, up to 24 hours.
| Milestone | Liver Transplantation Patients |
|---|---|
| Started | 58 |
| Completed | 58 |
| Not completed | 0 |
Central Venous Pressure (CVP) reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart (venous return) and the ability of the heart to pump the blood into the arterial system. It was captured electronically via an automated record-keeping system. CVP were recorded by experienced anesthesiologists with expertise and qualifications in TEE at five key time points: before surgical incision, start of the preanhepatic phase, start of the anhepatic phase, start of the postanhepatic phase, and after closure of the deep fascial layer of the anterior abdominal wall. Low CVP (\< 2 mmHg) suggests hypovolemia, dehydration, or blood loss, while normal CVP (2-8 mmHg) indicates balanced fluid status. A high CVP (\> 8 mmHg) may indicate fluid overload, right heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, or cardiac tamponade.
| mmHg | Liver Transplantation Patients |
|---|---|
| Central Venous Pressure (CVP) | 11.7 ± 4.9 |
The Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Collapsibility Index is used to assess intravascular volume status and fluid responsiveness. The Superior Vena Cava (SVC) collapsibility index was obtained from (Maximum Diameter-Minimum Diameter)/(Maximum Diameter)\*100%. Central Venous Pressure (CVP) and SVC were recorded simultaneously by experienced anesthesiologists with expertise and qualifications in TEE at five key time points: before surgical incision, start of the preanhepatic phase, start of the anhepatic phase, start of the postanhepatic phase, and after closure of the deep fascial layer of the anterior abdominal wall. The interpretation of the SVC Collapsibility Index is categorized as follows: \< 20% indicates low collapsibility, suggesting adequate or high intravascular volume; 20-36% represents an indeterminate zone, requiring additional assessment to determine fluid responsiveness; and \> 36% reflects high collapsibility, suggesting hypovolemia or significant fluid deficit.
| index | Liver Transplantation Patients |
|---|---|
| Correlation of Central Venous Pressure (CVP) and Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Collapsibility Index | 26 ± 11 |
The diameter of Superior Vena Cava (normal diameter: 12-22 mm) ) was obtained using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Central Venous Pressure (CVP) and SVC were recorded simultaneously by experienced anesthesiologists with expertise and qualifications in TEE at five key time points: before surgical incision, start of the preanhepatic phase, start of the anhepatic phase, start of the postanhepatic phase, and after closure of the deep fascial layer of the anterior abdominal wall.
| mm | Liver Transplantation Patients |
|---|---|
| Correlation of Central Venous Pressure (CVP) and Minimum Diameter of Superior Vena Cava (SVC) | 12.8 ± 3.1 |
The diameter of the Superior Vena Cava (normal diameter: 12-22 mm) ) was obtained using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Central Venous Pressure (CVP) and SVC were recorded simultaneously by experienced anesthesiologists with expertise and qualifications in TEE at five key time points: before surgical incision, start of the preanhepatic phase, start of the anhepatic phase, start of the postanhepatic phase, and after closure of the deep fascial layer of the anterior abdominal wall.
| mm | Liver Transplantation Patients |
|---|---|
| Correlation of Central Venous Pressure (CVP) and Maximum Diameter of Superior Vena Cava (SVC) | 17.3 ± 3.2 |
The Cardiac Index measures the efficiency of the heart's pumping function (normal range: 2.6 to 4.2 L/min/m2). It was captured electronically via an automated record-keeping system. Cardiac Index was recorded by experienced anesthesiologists with expertise and qualifications in TEE at five key time points: before surgical incision, start of the preanhepatic phase, start of the anhepatic phase, start of the postanhepatic phase, and after closure of the deep fascial layer of the anterior abdominal wall.
| L/min/m2 | Liver Transplantation Patients |
|---|---|
| Cardiac Index | 4.4 ± 1.5 |
The Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Collapsibility Index is used to assess intravascular volume status and fluid responsiveness. The Superior Vena Cava (SVC) collapsibility index was obtained from (Maximum Diameter-Minimum Diameter)/(Maximum Diameter)\*100%. Central Venous Pressure (CVP) and SVC were recorded simultaneously by experienced anesthesiologists with expertise and qualifications in TEE at five key time points: before surgical incision, start of the preanhepatic phase, start of the anhepatic phase, start of the postanhepatic phase, and after closure of the deep fascial layer of the anterior abdominal wall. The interpretation of the SVC Collapsibility Index is categorized as follows: \< 20% indicates low collapsibility, suggesting adequate or high intravascular volume; 20-36% represents an indeterminate zone, requiring additional assessment to determine fluid responsiveness; and \> 36% reflects high collapsibility, suggesting hypovolemia or significant fluid deficit.
| index | Liver Transplantation Patients |
|---|---|
| Correlation of Cardiac Index (CI) and Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Collapsibility Index | 26 ± 11 |
The diameter of the Superior Vena Cava (normal diameter: 12-22 mm) ) was obtained using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Cardiac Index and Superior Vena Cava (SVC) were recorded simultaneously by experienced anesthesiologists with expertise and qualifications in TEE at five key time points: before surgical incision, start of the preanhepatic phase, start of the anhepatic phase, start of the postanhepatic phase, and after closure of the deep fascial layer of the anterior abdominal wall.
| mm | Liver Transplantation Patients |
|---|---|
| Correlation of Cardiac Index (CI) and Minimum Diameter of Superior Vena Cava (SVC) | 12.8 ± 3.1 |
The diameter of the Superior Vena Cava (normal diameter: 12-22 mm) ) was obtained using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Cardiac Index and Superior Vena Cava (SVC) were recorded simultaneously by experienced anesthesiologists with expertise and qualifications in TEE at five key time points: before surgical incision, start of the preanhepatic phase, start of the anhepatic phase, start of the postanhepatic phase, and after closure of the deep fascial layer of the anterior abdominal wall.
| mm | Liver Transplantation Patients |
|---|---|
| Correlation of Cardiac Index (CI) and Maximum Diameter of Superior Vena Cava (SVC) | 17.3 ± 3.2 |
Collected over From the time patients enter the operating room to leaving the operating room, up to 24 hours.. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| Liver Transplantation Patients | 0/58 (0%) | 0/58 (0%) | 0/58 (0%) |
| Age, Continuous(years) | Liver Transplantation Patients |
|---|---|
| Median | 60 (55 to 67) |
| Sex: Female, Male(Participants) | Liver Transplantation Patients |
|---|---|
| Female | 17 |
| Male | 41 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized(Participants) | Liver Transplantation Patients |
|---|---|
| White | 48 |
| Other | 10 |
| Current smoker(Participants) | Liver Transplantation Patients |
|---|---|
| Count of participants | 26 |
| BMI(kg/m2) | Liver Transplantation Patients |
|---|---|
| Mean | 29 ± 6 |
| ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) physical status(Participants) | Liver Transplantation Patients |
|---|---|
| 3 (Severe systemic illness) | 3 |
| 4 (Life-threatening systemic illness) | 53 |
| 5 (Not expected to survive without the operation) | 2 |
| Alcoholic Cirrhosis(Participants) | Liver Transplantation Patients |
|---|---|
| Count of participants | 18 |
| Primary Billary Cirrhosis(Participants) | Liver Transplantation Patients |
|---|---|
| Count of participants | 1 |
4 further baseline measures are reported on the registry.
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