Hippocampal Sclerosis and Amnesia Not Due to Alzheimer's Disease

General inclusion criteria

• Be older than18 years old.
• Consulting in one of the centers (patients only)
• Sufficient cognitive capacities for the realization of the clinical and neuropsychological evaluations, left to the judgement by the investigator.
• Women old enough to procreate under effective contraception
• Signed consent
• Absence of general or systemic disorders that may interfere with cognition.
• If available before inclusion, absence of brain lesions as determined by MRI that may account for even part of the clinical presentation.

Patients with Hippocampal sclerosis non AD (n=40)

Clinical criteria :

• CDR (Clinical Dementia Rating Scale) = 0.5 or 1
• Progressive amnestic syndrome of the hippocampal type, defined by a free recall score ≤ 17/48 and a total recall score ≤ 40/48 on the FCSRT.

Biological criteria : Absence of Profile suggestive of AD on the study of the biomarkers of the CSF (IATI ratio > 0.8)

Patients with Alheimer's Disase (n=40)

Clinical criteria :

• CDR (Clinical Dementia Rating Scale) = 0.5 or 1
• Typical amnesic AD : Progressive amnestic syndrome of the hippocampal type, defined by a free recall score ≤ 17/48 and a total recall score ≤ 40/48 on the FCSRT, associated or not with others cognitive impairment
• Posterior Cortical Atrophy : initial presentation of progressive visual or visuospatial impairment; absence of ophthalmologic impairment with evidence of complex visual and/or visuospatial disorder on examination; a relatively preserved episodic memory
• Logopenic progressive aphasia : word retrieval deficits in spontaneous speech and confrontation naming, impaired repetition of sentences, errors in spontaneous speech and naming (eg, phonological errors), and relative sparing of word and object knowledge and motor speech.

Biological criteria : CSF biomarkers suggestive of AD defined on CSF.

Patients with DLFT (n=20) :

Clinical criteria :

• Modifications of the personality and the social conducts in the foreground
• Compatible brain imaging with the diagnosis : profile of atrophy and/or hypometabolism in TEP-FDG (or hypoerfusion in Spect) compatible with the diagnosis of DFT and/or absence of atypie Biological criteria : No AD profile on CSF biomarkers

Patients with CBD/PSP (n=20) (Armstrong et al., 2013)

1. Corticobasal syndrome :

   • at least one of the following signs : limb rigidity or akinesia, limb dystonia, limb myoclonusplus at least one of the following sign : orobuccal or limb apraxia, e) cortical sensory deficit, alien limb phenomena (more than simple levitation)
   • Nonfluent/agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia: Effortful, agrammatic speech plus at least one of: a) impaired grammar/sentence comprehension with relatively preserved, single word comprehension, or b) groping, distorted speech production (apraxia of speech)

2. Progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome :

   • Three of the following items present: a) axial or symmetric limb rigidity or akinesia, b) postural instability or falls, c) urinary incontinence, d) behavioural changes, e) supranuclear vertical gaze palsy or decreased velocity of vertical saccades

Normal controls (n=20):

Absence of known psychiatric disorder Score on the Folstein Mini Mental Status (MMSE > or = 27) Normal neuropsychological assessment for the age and the educational level

Exclusion Criteria:

• Subject with a psychiatric evolutionary and/or badly checked pathology (left to the judgement of the investigator).
• Subject with a grave, severe or unstable pathology (left to the judgement of the investigator) the nature of which can interfere with the variables of evaluation.
• Epileptics subjects, badly tolerant MRI (1.5T, 3T or 7T), Subject presenting contraindications to the MRI (if necessary, a blood pregnancy test will be performed before 7T MRI) (Pacemaker or stimulating neurosensory or implantable defibrillator, cochlear implants, eye or cerebral ferromagnetic foreign bodies close to nervous structures, metallic prostheses, agitation of the patient : not cooperative or agitated patients, very young children, claustrophobics subjects, pregnant women, neurosurgical ventriculoperitoneal shunt valves, brace)
• Known or supposed histories (\< or = 5 years) of severe alcoholism or misuse of drugs
• Vascular, inflammatory or expansive, visible lesion in the MRI which can interfere on the criteria of diagnosis.
• No health insurance
• Pregnant, breast-feeding woman or planning a pregnancy in two years of follow-up.
• For controls : anomaly detected on the MRI in the appreciation of the investigator