An interventional study of Cognitive Rehabilitation and Exposure/Sorting Treatment (CREST) and Exposure Therapy (ET) in Hoarding Disorder, sponsored by VA Office of Research and Development. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 85 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2024-09-19.
Sponsored by VA Office of Research and Development · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment
This project will utilize a novel behavioral intervention for hoarding disorder that takes into account age and neurocognitive factors. The goal of this project is to gain knowledge on how treatment components may or may not work for Veterans with hoarding disorder. Further, the investigators hope to increase understanding of functional and long term outcomes in response to hoarding treatment.
Objective: The investigators propose to conduct a randomized controlled trial comparing six months (26 sessions) of Cognitive Rehabilitation and Exposure/Sorting Therapy (CREST) treatment to a robust comparator, six months of Exposure Therapy alone, in 136 participants with HD.
Research Design: Assessments will be administered at baseline, during treatment (sessions 7, 13, 21), post-treatment, and 3- and 6-month follow-up, thus, all participants will be enrolled for one year.
Methodology: The primary objective is to evaluate whether CREST significantly reduces hoarding symptoms and improves functional capacity and quality of life when compared to exposure therapy alone. The investigators will also examine the impact of treatment mediators; treatment adherence, changes in executive functioning, avoidance, symptom severity on outcomes. Age and executive functioning will also be explored as potential moderators. Finally, by repeatedly measuring treatment targets, the investigators will examine time to maximum treatment effect in an effort to understand mechanisms of change.
Clinical Relationships: By providing a treatment for many Veterans with HD, the investigators can alter the course of their symptom trajectory and negative consequences, resulting in both healthcare costs savings and improved quality of life for Veterans.
32 studies on the registry are indexed under Hoarding Disorder; 5 are open to participants now.
This study's enrollment of 115 is above the median of 27 across 28 interventional studies indexed under Hoarding Disorder.
Browse Hoarding Disorder studies →VA Office of Research and Development is the lead sponsor of 1,768 studies on the registry; 393 are open to participants now.
Of its 210 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 183 (87%) have results posted.
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Exclusion Criteria:
Diagnosis of:
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT) is a manualized, low-tech, cognitive training intervention designed to target cognitive impairments common in people with psychiatric illness. The CCT modules specifically selected for CREST map onto known areas of HD neurocognitive deficits or weakness and include training in prospective memory, prioritizing, problem solving, planning, and cognitive flexibility. Symptoms of acquiring and saving are themselves avoidance behaviors that are performed to avoid internal distress related to negative thoughts and emotions. Avoidance serves to reduce distress related to the beliefs regarding the necessity and utility of possessions. In the CREST condition, the second part and the majority of treatment is dedicated to exposure therapy (ET) for discarding and not acquiring while in the control condition, the entire treatment will consist of ET.
Behavioral: Cognitive Rehabilitation and Exposure/Sorting Treatment (CREST)
The investigators propose to use a robust control condition, exposure therapy (ET), with the same frequency and amount of therapist contact as CREST. Twenty-six weekly, individual ET sessions (6 months) will be delivered. The control group will receive ET for all 26 sessions and no cognitive training. As in CREST, the ET sessions will be manualized and copies utilized during session by both the patient and therapist.
Behavioral: Exposure Therapy (ET)
Compensatory Cognitive Training is a manualized, low-tech, cognitive training intervention designed to target cognitive impairments common in people with psychiatric illness. The CCT modules specifically selected for CREST map onto known areas of HD neurocognitive deficits or weakness and include training in prospective memory, prioritizing, problem solving, planning, and cognitive flexibility. Symptoms of acquiring and saving are themselves avoidance behaviors that are performed to avoid internal distress related to negative thoughts and emotions. Avoidance serves to reduce distress related to the beliefs regarding the necessity and utility of possessions. In the CREST condition, the second part and the majority of treatment is dedicated to exposure therapy (ET) for discarding and not acquiring while in the control condition, the entire treatment will consist of ET.
The investigators propose to use a robust control condition, ET, with the same frequency and amount of therapist contact as CREST. Twenty-six weekly, individual ET sessions (6 months) will be delivered. The control group will receive ET for all 26 sessions and no cognitive training. As in CREST, the ET sessions will be manualized and copies utilized during session by both the patient and therapist.
Saving Inventory Revised
Hoarding symptom severity (primary outcome) will be measured using the Savings Inventory-Revised (SI-R)56, a 23-item self-report measure used to assess common hoarding symptoms. Subscales include clutter, acquisition, and difficulty discarding. The SI-R has demonstrated good internal consistency, divergent validity, concurrent validity, and test-retest reliability in clinical samples with hoarding. The total score will be used for analyses. Total of 23 items divided into 3 subscales, each item Likert scale ranges from 0-4 (0= not at all, 4= extreme), Clutter Subscale (9 items): scores greater than 13 indicate clinical significance (Max score=36), Difficulty Discarding/Saving Subscale (7 items): scores greater than 13 indicate clinical significance, Acquisition Subscale (7 items): scores greater than 15 indicate clinical significance (Max Score= 28). Total Max score = 92. A Total score greater than 40 is a typical score for people experiencing challenges with hoarding behaviors.
Time frame: Baseline to 6 month-follow-up (12 months total)
UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA)
The University of California San Diego (UCSD) Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA)76 is an assessment of everyday functioning skills including household skills (e.g., writing a shopping list based on a recipe, range 0 to 4), communication (e.g., rescheduling appointments, range 0 to 12), finance (e.g., paying a utility bill, range 0 to 11), comprehension and planning (e.g., planning outings, range 0 to 14), and transportation (e.g., comprehension of a bus schedule, range 0 to 9). The subscales are scored, converted to a percentage, and weighed equally toward the total score of 100; higher score equals better performance for all subscales and total. The UPSA has demonstrated high inter-rater reliability (0.91) and convergent validity with other performance-based measures. The total UPSA summary score will be used for analyses. \*Nearly half of each timepoint was out of 60 due to adjustments for COVID-19, a total of 60 was used with financial, communication, and planning subscales.
Time frame: Baseline to 6 months post-treatment (on average 1 year)
UCSD SORT Test
The UCSD SORT Test (U-SORT) is a cognitive test that will be used to measure Veteran participants' organizational skills as they relate to functional capacity. During the administration of the U-SORT, participants are instructed to sort 42 household objects (e.g., bent and unbent paper clips, used and unused condiment packets) from a hypothetical "junk drawer" into either "keep" or "trash" piles. Each item has a correct response and participants are given two minutes to complete the task and one point is awarded for each correctly sorted item, for a total of 42 points (range of 0 to 42). A higher total score indicates a higher level of organizational skills. The U-SORT has high internal consistency (? = .86) and adequate convergent validity. The total U-SORT score will be used in analyses.
Time frame: Baseline to 6 months post-treatment
Specific Levels of Functioning Test (SLOF)
Self-reported functioning (secondary outcome) will be assessed with the Specific Levels of Functioning test (SLOF)78, a 43-item Likert scale questionnaire with higher scores indicating higher levels of functioning. Subscales include interpersonal relationships (score range of 7 to 35), social acceptability (score range of 6 to 30), participation in activities (score range of 11 to 55), and work skills (score range of 6 to 30). Total of 30 items across four categories and each item ranges from the scale of 1-5 (higher values= better outcomes). Category A. Interpersonal Relationships (items 1-7): 5= Highly Typical, 1= Highly Untypical. Category B. Social Acceptability (items 8-13): 5= Never, 1= Always. Category C. Activities (items 14-24): 5= Totally Self Sufficient, 1= No Opportunity to perform. Category D. Work Skills (items 25-30): 5= Highly Typical, 1= Highly Untypical. Total Max Score Range= 30-150).The SLOF has demonstrated excellent reliability and internal consistency.
Time frame: Baseline to 6 months post-treatment
| Milestone | CREST | Exposure Therapy |
|---|---|---|
| Started | 59 | 56 |
| Completed | 34 | 42 |
| Not completed | 25 | 14 |
| Withdrew: Lost to follow-up | 13 | 7 |
| Withdrew: Protocol violation | 1 | 1 |
| Withdrew: Scheduled and timed out | 2 | 1 |
| Withdrew: Medical illness | 2 | 4 |
| Withdrew: Moved | 2 | 0 |
| Withdrew: Loved one illness | 1 | 0 |
| Withdrew: Deceased preexisting condition | 2 | 0 |
| Withdrew: Other | 2 | 1 |
Hoarding symptom severity (primary outcome) will be measured using the Savings Inventory-Revised (SI-R)56, a 23-item self-report measure used to assess common hoarding symptoms. Subscales include clutter, acquisition, and difficulty discarding. The SI-R has demonstrated good internal consistency, divergent validity, concurrent validity, and test-retest reliability in clinical samples with hoarding. The total score will be used for analyses. Total of 23 items divided into 3 subscales, each item Likert scale ranges from 0-4 (0= not at all, 4= extreme), Clutter Subscale (9 items): scores greater than 13 indicate clinical significance (Max score=36), Difficulty Discarding/Saving Subscale (7 items): scores greater than 13 indicate clinical significance, Acquisition Subscale (7 items): scores greater than 15 indicate clinical significance (Max Score= 28). Total Max score = 92. A Total score greater than 40 is a typical score for people experiencing challenges with hoarding behaviors.
| score on a scale | CREST | Exposure Therapy |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline SI-R: | 59.9 ± 15.8 | 55.3 ± 14.8 |
| Baseline SI-R: Clutter Subcategory | 25.2 ± 7.7 | 23.0 ± 8.2 |
| Baseline SI-R: Acquisition Subcategory | 16.6 ± 5.5 | 14.4 ± 5.4 |
| Baseline SI-R: Discarding Subcategory | 18.1 ± 5.5 | 17.9 ± 5.1 |
| Timepoint 1 (S7) SI-R | 51.6 ± 16.8 | 50.5 ± 16.4 |
| Timepoint 1 (S7) SI-R: Clutter Subcategory | 22.6 ± 8.4 | 21.7 ± 8.0 |
| Timepoint 1 (S7) SI-R: Acquisition Subcategory | 14.1 ± 5.8 | 12.9 ± 6.1 |
| Timepoint 1 (S7) SI-R: Discarding Subcategory | 14.9 ± 5.2 | 15.9 ± 5.0 |
| Timepoint 2 (S13) SI-R: | 47.3 ± 17.7 | 45.5 ± 16.9 |
| Timepoint 2 (S13) SI-R: Clutter Subcategory | 20.1 ± 8.7 | 19.6 ± 8.5 |
| Timepoint 2 (S13) SI-R: Acquisition Subcategory | 13.1 ± 6.3 | 11.5 ± 6.0 |
| Timepoint 2 (S13) SI-R: Discarding Subcategory | 14.2 ± 5.5 | 14.4 ± 5.1 |
| Timepoint 3 (S21) SI-R: | 45.0 ± 18.9 | 41.1 ± 17.3 |
| Timepoint 3 (S21) SI-R: Clutter Subcategory | 19.8 ± 8.3 | 18.1 ± 7.6 |
| Timepoint 3 (S21) SI-R: Acquisition Subcategory | 11.7 ± 6.2 | 9.3 ± 5.7 |
| Timepoint 3 (S21) SI-R: Discarding Subcategory | 13.5 ± 7.0 | 13.8 ± 5.7 |
| Post-Treatment SI-R: | 37 ± 19.6 | 29.9 ± 18.6 |
| Post-Treatment SI-R: Clutter Subcategory | 16.1 ± 9.4 | 12.9 ± 8.8 |
| Post-Treatment SI-R: Acquisition Subcategory | 10.0 ± 6.1 | 7.3 ± 5.9 |
| Post-Treatment SI-R: Discarding Subcategory | 10.9 ± 6.4 | 9.8 ± 5.8 |
| 3 month post-treatment SI-R: | 37.5 ± 21.4 | 32.6 ± 20.4 |
| 3 month post-treatment SI-R: Clutter Subcategory | 16.2 ± 10.5 | 14.5 ± 8.9 |
| 3 month post-treatment SI-R: Acquisition Subcategory | 9.9 ± 6.5 | 7.9 ± 6.3 |
| 3 month post-treatment SI-R: Discarding Subcategory | 11.3 ± 7.3 | 10.2 ± 6.4 |
| 6 month post-treatment SI-R: | 34.3 ± 18.1 | 28.9 ± 18.9 |
| 6 month post-treatment SI-R: Clutter Subcategory | 15.2 ± 9.3 | 12.2 ± 9.0 |
| 6 month post-treatment SI-R: Acquisition Subcategory | 8.7 ± 5.2 | 6.7 ± 5.7 |
| 6 month post-treatment SI-R: Discarding Subcategory | 10.3 ± 6.7 | 9.9 ± 5.8 |
The University of California San Diego (UCSD) Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA)76 is an assessment of everyday functioning skills including household skills (e.g., writing a shopping list based on a recipe, range 0 to 4), communication (e.g., rescheduling appointments, range 0 to 12), finance (e.g., paying a utility bill, range 0 to 11), comprehension and planning (e.g., planning outings, range 0 to 14), and transportation (e.g., comprehension of a bus schedule, range 0 to 9). The subscales are scored, converted to a percentage, and weighed equally toward the total score of 100; higher score equals better performance for all subscales and total. The UPSA has demonstrated high inter-rater reliability (0.91) and convergent validity with other performance-based measures. The total UPSA summary score will be used for analyses. \*Nearly half of each timepoint was out of 60 due to adjustments for COVID-19, a total of 60 was used with financial, communication, and planning subscales.
| score on a scale | CREST | Exposure Therapy |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline UPSA | 49.0 ± 7.4 | 49.1 ± 6.8 |
| Baseline UPSA: Financial Subcategory | 18.3 ± 2.5 | 18.0 ± 2.2 |
| Baseline UPSA: Communication Subcategory | 16.2 ± 2.6 | 15.3 ± 3.1 |
| Baseline UPSA: Comprehension/Planning Subcategory | 14.5 ± 5.2 | 15.8 ± 4.2 |
| Baseline UPSA: Transportation Subcategory | 16.2 ± 2.8 | 15.9 ± 3.8 |
| Baseline UPSA: Household Skills Subcategory | 17.6 ± 3.7 | 18.5 ± 2.3 |
| Timepoint 1 (S7) UPSA | 50.3 ± 8.3 | 50.9 ± 6.4 |
| Timepoint 1 (S7) UPSA: Financial Subcategory | 18.8 ± 1.5 | 18.3 ± 2.3 |
| Timepoint 1 (S7) UPSA: Communication Subcategory | 15.9 ± 3.0 | 16.6 ± 2.0 |
| Timepoint 1 (S7) UPSA: Comprehension/Planning Subcategory | 16.4 ± 3.5 | 16.0 ± 4.6 |
| Timepoint 1 (S7) UPSA: Transportation Subcategory | 15.9 ± 2.7 | 16.6 ± 2.9 |
| Timepoint 1 (S7) UPSA: Household Skills Subcategory | 18.3 ± 2.7 | 18.0 ± 2.8 |
| Timepoint 2 (S13) UPSA | 52.7 ± 4.0 | 52.7 ± 5.2 |
| Timepoint 2 (S13) UPSA: Financial Subcategory | 18.6 ± 1.7 | 1.1 ± 2.5 |
| Timepoint 2 (S13) UPSA: Communication Subcategory | 16.7 ± 2.4 | 16.8 ± 2.4 |
| Timepoint 2 (S13) UPSA: Comprehension/Planning Subcategory | 17.4 ± 3.2 | 17.8 ± 3.2 |
| Timepoint 2 (S13) UPSA: Transportation Subcategory | 16.0 ± 2.5 | 16.8 ± 2.6 |
| Timepoint 2 (S13) UPSA: Household Skills Subcategory | 17.1 ± 4.0 | 17.6 ± 2.9 |
| Timepoint 3 (S21) UPSA | 52.7 ± 4.0 | 52.7 ± 5.2 |
| Timepoint 3 (S21) UPSA: Financial Subcategory | 18.6 ± 1.7 | 18.1 ± 2.5 |
| Timepoint 3 (S21) UPSA: Communication Subcategory | 16.7 ± 2.4 | 16.8 ± 2.4 |
| Timepoint 3 (S21) UPSA: Comprehension/Planning Subcategory | 17.4 ± 3.2 | 17.8 ± 3.2 |
| Timepoint 3 (S21) UPSA: Transportation Subcategory | 16.0 ± 2.5 | 16.8 ± 2.6 |
| Timepoint 3 (S21) UPSA: Household Skills Subcategory | 17.1 ± 4.0 | 17.6 ± 2.9 |
| Post Treatment UPSA | 51.8 ± 7.2 | 54.6 ± 5.2 |
| Post Treatment UPSA: Financial Subcategory | 18.3 ± 2.4 | 18.9 ± 1.7 |
| Post Treatment UPSA: Communication Subcategory | 16.3 ± 3.0 | 17.8 ± 1.7 |
| Post Treatment UPSA: Comprehension/Planning Subcategory | 17.2 ± 4.6 | 17.9 ± 3.4 |
| Post Treatment UPSA: Transportation Subcategory | 16.8 ± 2.1 | 17.0 ± 2.4 |
| Post Treatment UPSA: Household Skills Subcategory | 17.3 ± 4.2 | 18.3 ± 2.4 |
| 3 month Follow Up UPSA | 54.1 ± 4.5 | 54.0 ± 3.3 |
| 3 month Follow Up UPSA: Financial Subcategory | 18.6 ± 2.1 | 18.8 ± 1.3 |
| 3 month Follow Up UPSA: Communication Subcategory | 16.6 ± 2.7 | 17.2 ± 1.8 |
| 3 month Follow Up UPSA: Comprehension/Planning Subcategory | 18.9 ± 1.9 | 18.7 ± 2.6 |
| 3 month Follow Up UPSA: Transportation Subcategory | 15.2 ± 6.5 | 17.4 ± 2.7 |
| 3 month Follow Up UPSA: Household Skills Subcategory | 15.6 ± 6.8 | 16.6 ± 5.3 |
| 6 month Follow Up UPSA: | 52.5 ± 7.4 | 53.8 ± 5.0 |
| 6 month Follow Up UPSA: Financial Subcategory | 19.1 ± 1.4 | 18.9 ± 1.4 |
| 6 month Follow Up UPSA: Communication Subcategory | 15.8 ± 4.1 | 17.3 ± 2.7 |
| 6 month Follow Up UPSA: Comprehension/Planning Subcategory | 17.5 ± 4.3 | 17.6 ± 3.0 |
| 6 month Follow Up UPSA: Transportation Subcategory | 14.0 ± 6.5 | 18.0 ± 2.3 |
| 6 month Follow Up UPSA: Household Skills Subcategory | 20.0 ± 0.0 | 17.6 ± 3.1 |
The UCSD SORT Test (U-SORT) is a cognitive test that will be used to measure Veteran participants' organizational skills as they relate to functional capacity. During the administration of the U-SORT, participants are instructed to sort 42 household objects (e.g., bent and unbent paper clips, used and unused condiment packets) from a hypothetical "junk drawer" into either "keep" or "trash" piles. Each item has a correct response and participants are given two minutes to complete the task and one point is awarded for each correctly sorted item, for a total of 42 points (range of 0 to 42). A higher total score indicates a higher level of organizational skills. The U-SORT has high internal consistency (? = .86) and adequate convergent validity. The total U-SORT score will be used in analyses.
| score on a scale | Cognitive Rehabilitation and Exposure/Sorting Therapy | Exposure Therapy |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline USORT | 33.1 ± 3.9 | 31.2 ± 4.7 |
| Timepoint 1 (S7) USORT | 32.5 ± 5.0 | 32.7 ± 5.3 |
| Timepoint 2 (S13) USORT | 34.2 ± 4.1 | 34.2 ± 4.2 |
| Timepoint 3 (S21) USORT | 33.2 ± 6.1 | 32.9 ± 4.4 |
| Post-Treatment USORT | 34.5 ± 3.4 | 32.3 ± 5.2 |
| 3 month Post-Treatment USORT | 36.1 ± 4.0 | 31.4 ± 6.9 |
| 6 month Post-Treatment USORT | 35.9 ± 2.9 | 34.0 ± 5.2 |
Self-reported functioning (secondary outcome) will be assessed with the Specific Levels of Functioning test (SLOF)78, a 43-item Likert scale questionnaire with higher scores indicating higher levels of functioning. Subscales include interpersonal relationships (score range of 7 to 35), social acceptability (score range of 6 to 30), participation in activities (score range of 11 to 55), and work skills (score range of 6 to 30). Total of 30 items across four categories and each item ranges from the scale of 1-5 (higher values= better outcomes). Category A. Interpersonal Relationships (items 1-7): 5= Highly Typical, 1= Highly Untypical. Category B. Social Acceptability (items 8-13): 5= Never, 1= Always. Category C. Activities (items 14-24): 5= Totally Self Sufficient, 1= No Opportunity to perform. Category D. Work Skills (items 25-30): 5= Highly Typical, 1= Highly Untypical. Total Max Score Range= 30-150).The SLOF has demonstrated excellent reliability and internal consistency.
| score on a scale | CREST | Exposure Therapy |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline SLOF Overall | 123.9 ± 12.9 | 128.0 ± 15.0 |
| Baseline Interpersonal Relationships Subscale | 25.6 ± 6.2 | 24.7 ± 7.0 |
| Baseline Social Acceptability Subscale | 26.6 ± 2.5 | 26.7 ± 2.5 |
| Baseline Activities Subscale | 50.7 ± 4.8 | 51.8 ± 5.7 |
| Baseline Work Skills Subscale | 24.5 ± 4.9 | 25.2 ± 4.9 |
| Timepoint 1 (S7) SLOF Overall | 127.0 ± 15.2 | 128.1 ± 13.9 |
| Timepoint 1 (S7) Interpersonal Relationships Subscale | 23.1 ± 6.7 | 24.4 ± 7.0 |
| Timepoint 1 (S7) Social Acceptability Subscale | 26.8 ± 2.7 | 27.4 ± 2.0 |
| Timepoint 1 (S7) Activities Subscale | 52.1 ± 4.4 | 52.2 ± 4.3 |
| Timepoint 1 (S7) Work Skills Subscale | 25.0 ± 4.9 | 24.2 ± 5.2 |
| Timepoint 2 (S13) SLOF Overall | 128.5 ± 14.6 | 126.0 ± 15.0 |
| Timepoint 2 (S13) Interpersonal Relationships Subscale | 23.8 ± 6.4 | 23.4 ± 6.5 |
| Timepoint 2 (S13) Social Acceptability Subscale | 27.5 ± 2.3 | 27.0 ± 2.0 |
| Timepoint 2 (S13) Activities Subscale | 52.3 ± 5.2 | 51.9 ± 5.3 |
| Timepoint 2 (S13) Work Skills Subscale | 25.0 ± 4.7 | 23.6 ± 5.8 |
| Timepoint 3 (S21) SLOF Overall | 128.3 ± 14.5 | 125.4 ± 14.8 |
| Timepoint 3 (S21) Interpersonal Relationships Subscale | 24.4 ± 6.7 | 23.7 ± 6.8 |
| Timepoint 3 (S21) Social Acceptability Subscale | 26.6 ± 4.6 | 27.2 ± 2.1 |
| Timepoint 3 (S21) Activities Subscale | 51.7 ± 4.9 | 51.3 ± 5.2 |
| Timepoint 3 (S21) Work Skills Subscale | 25.6 ± 3.8 | 23.3 ± 5.3 |
| Post-Treatment SLOF Overall | 131.9 ± 15.4 | 124.6 ± 15.9 |
| Post-Treatment Interpersonal Relationships Subscale | 25.3 ± 7.1 | 23.2 ± 7.0 |
| Post-Treatment Social Acceptability Subscale | 28.0 ± 2.0 | 27.2 ± 2.3 |
| Post-Treatment Activities Subscale | 51.8 ± 8.3 | 51.3 ± 5.3 |
| Post-Treatment Work Skills Subscale | 26.8 ± 3.7 | 22.9 ± 5.9 |
| 3 month Follow Up SLOF Overall | 133.9 ± 11.9 | 125.6 ± 16.8 |
| 3 month Follow Up Interpersonal Relationships Subscale | 25.6 ± 7.4 | 23.8 ± 6.9 |
| 3 month Follow Up Social Acceptability Subscale | 28.0 ± 1.8 | 27.1 ± 2.4 |
| 3 month Follow Up Activities Subscale | 53.7 ± 3.7 | 51.6 ± 5.3 |
| 3 month Follow Up Work Skills Subscale | 26.6 ± 3.9 | 23.1 ± 6.3 |
| 6 month Follow Up SLOF Overall | 133.2 ± 13.6 | 124.0 ± 20.0 |
| 6 month Follow Up Interpersonal Relationships Subscale | 25.8 ± 7.0 | 24.6 ± 6.5 |
| 6 month Follow Up Social Acceptability Subscale | 27.6 ± 2.2 | 27.7 ± 1.9 |
| 6 month Follow Up Activities Subscale | 54.4 ± 1.8 | 50.9 ± 6.5 |
| 6 month Follow Up Work Skills Subscale | 26.8 ± 4.0 | 23.5 ± 7.0 |
Collected over Baseline assessment throughout intervention completion (approximately 6-months) and throughout follow-up period (another 6 months) for a total of approximately 1 year.. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Rehabilitation and Exposure/Sorting Therapy | 2/59 (3.4%) | 0/59 (0%) | 0/59 (0%) |
| Exposure Therapy | 0/56 (0%) | 0/56 (0%) | 0/56 (0%) |
| Age, Continuous(years) | CREST | Exposure Therapy | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 60.8 ± 9.1 | 62.8 ± 12.7 | 61.7 ± 11.0 |
| Sex: Female, Male(Participants) | CREST | Exposure Therapy | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 26 | 16 | 42 |
| Male | 33 | 40 | 73 |
| Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | CREST | Exposure Therapy | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Asian | 1 | 5 | 6 |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| Black or African American | 8 | 6 | 14 |
| White | 37 | 35 | 72 |
| More than one race | 3 | 5 | 8 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| Saving Inventory(units on a scale) | CREST | Exposure Therapy | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 59.9 ± 15.8 | 55.3 ± 14.8 | 57.7 ± 15.4 |
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