ClinicalTrials.gg
CompletedNCT01129791Updated Feb 22, 2023

Effects of Raw Versus Other Milk Sources on Lactose Digestion

An interventional study of Raw Milk and Pasteurized Milk in Lactose Intolerance, sponsored by Stanford University. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2023-02-22.

Sponsored by Stanford University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Prevention

Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
16
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
18 Years and older
Sex
All
01

Study summary

The purpose of this small, short pilot study is to determine the feasibility (e.g., recruitment, dose acceptance, retention) of a future longer trial comparing the effects of different types of milk (raw milk, cow's milk, nondairy-milk) on lactose maldigestion.

Read the detailed description

The goal is to determine if raw milk consumption intake will benefit humans with lactose maldigestion, a common human response to the intake of dairy products during adult years. An increasing number of people are consuming raw unpasteurized milk. Enhanced nutritional qualities, taste, and health benefits have all been advocated as reasons for increased interest in raw milk consumption.

However, science-based data to substantiate these claims are limited or anecdotal.

Raw milk may differ in its ability to improve lactose maldigestion related symptoms from other milk types. Adult lactose maldigestion affects the majority of the world adult population. It appears that consumption of lactose containing foods by those who cannot digest lactose is a relatively common cause of irritable bowel syndrome.

02

Conditions studied

  • Lactose Intolerance

Browse trials for

Keywords

  • Lactose intolerance
  • Dairy products
  • Raw milk
  • Adults
03

In context

Lactose Intolerance

53 studies on the registry are indexed under Lactose Intolerance; 6 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 16 is below the median of 41 across 41 interventional studies indexed under Lactose Intolerance.

Browse Lactose Intolerance studies →

Lead sponsor

Stanford University is the lead sponsor of 2,168 studies on the registry; 431 are open to participants now.

Of its 267 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 207 (78%) have results posted.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years and older
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Gender: Both women and men
  • Age: > or = 18 years
  • Ethnicity and race: All ethnic and racial backgrounds welcome
  • Elevation of breath hydrogen after ingestion of 25 g of lactose > 20 ppm over baseline
  • Planning to be available for clinic visits for the 6 weeks of study participation
  • Ability and willingness to give written
  • No known active psychiatric illness.

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Intake of antibiotics or other medications within the past month
  • History of diarrheal illness within past month
  • Secondary lactase deficiency
  • Self reported personal history of:

    *gastrointestinal conditions other than related with lactose maldigestion (IBS, IRB, Short bowel, malabsorption, celiac disease, GI surgery)

  • Pregnant or Lactating
  • Inability to communicate effectively with study personnel
  • Protein allergy related to cow 's milk proteins or soybean proteins
Terms in these criteria, in plain language(1)

Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.

Informed consent

Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.

You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.

05

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Prevention
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Crossover assignment
Masking
Quadruple (Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor)
Enrollment
16 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Raw Milk first

    Organic raw cow's milk

    Behavioral: Raw Milk

  • Placebo comparator
    Pasteurized milk first

    Organic pasteurized cow's milk

    Behavioral: Pasteurized Milk

  • Placebo comparator
    Non-Dairy Milk first

    Unflavored soy milk

    Behavioral: Non-dairy milk

Interventions

  • BehavioralRaw Milk

    Organic whole raw cow's milk, consumed daily in one sitting, at incremental doses from 4 to 24 oz. for 8 days. After a 1-week wash-out period, pasteurized cow's milk or non-dairy milk were consumed in the same fashion for another 8 days each.

  • BehavioralPasteurized Milk

    Organic whole pasteurized cow's milk, consumed daily in one sitting, at incremental doses from 4 to 24 oz. After a 1-week wash-out period, raw cow's milk or non-dairy milk were consumed in the same fashion for another 8 days each.

  • BehavioralNon-dairy milk

    Unflavored soy milk, consumed daily in one sitting, at incremental doses from 4 to 24 oz. After a 1-week wash-out period, raw cow's milk or pasteurized cow's milk were consumed in the same fashion for another 8 days each.

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Change in Area Under the Curve (AUC) of Hydrogen (H2) production from day 1 at day 8

    Calculated as the H2 AUC above baseline at day 8 minus the H2 AUC above baseline at day 1 of each milk phase

    Time frame: Day 1 and day 8 of each milk phase

Secondary outcomes

  1. Severity of symptoms of lactose intolerance for each milk phase

    A validated gastrointestinal symptom log was used to mark on a 10-cm visual analog scale of 0 to 10 the severity of 4 symptoms: flatulence/gas, diarrhea, audible bowel sounds, and abdominal cramping.

    Time frame: Day 7 of each milk phase

07

Study locations

1 site
  • Stanford University School of Medicine
    Stanford, California 94305, United States
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Mummah S, Oelrich B, Hope J, Vu Q, Gardner CD. Effect of raw milk on lactose intolerance: a randomized controlled pilot study. Ann Fam Med. 2014 Mar-Apr;12(2):134-41. doi: 10.1370/afm.1618. PubMed 24615309 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No

09

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
Not marked actual or estimatedDates not marked actual or estimated

The record gives a start of Feb 2010, a primary completion of Sep 2010 and a completion of Sep 2010. It does not say whether these dates are actual or estimated.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
May 21, 2010
First posted
May 25, 2010
Start
Feb 2010
Primary completionActual
Sep 2010
CompletionActual
Sep 2010
Last update
Feb 22, 2023
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Feb 22, 2023, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT01129791
Responsible party
Christopher Gardner (Professor of Medicine (Research), Stanford University) — Principal investigator
First posted
May 25, 2010
Start date
Feb 2010
Primary completion
Sep 2010
Completion
Sep 2010
Last update
Feb 22, 2023

Study contacts

Christopher D Gardner
principal investigator · Stanford University

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Not currently enrolling

This study is completed, as verified in Feb 2023. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

Follow this study

Get an email when the registry record changes — status, dates, results — or when someone posts here.

Sign in to follow

Discussion

Questions and observations about this study, from anyone following it. Not medical advice, and not a channel to the study team — their contact details are on the registry record.

Sign in to join the discussion. Reading takes no account; posting does. You choose a display name, and a pseudonym is the default.

Nothing here yet. If you are running this trial, taking part in it, or weighing whether to, this is the place to say so.

Start the discussion