ClinicalTrials.gg
CompletedNCT00000701Updated Nov 3, 2021

A Phase I Evaluation of Azidothymidine (AZT) in Children With Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS Related Complex (ARC)

A Phase 1 interventional study of Zidovudine in HIV Infections, sponsored by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Completed at 2 sites in United States. Open to participants aged 3 Months to 12 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2021-11-03.

Sponsored by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) · Phase 1, Interventional, and Treatment

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Phase
Phase 1
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
12
Ages
3 Months to 12 Years
Sex
All
01

Where this study stands

Counted across the records on this site · 2026-11-14

Among 193 studies testing zidovudine in HIV Infections — none open to participants now, 1 under way, none of them phase 3. Zidovudine · HIV Infections.

Enrollment
151st of 162
12 · median 105
Phase 1
42 of 193
none open now
Registered
1st of 193
by date
Lead sponsor
108 of 193
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

Among the 193 studies testing zidovudine in HIV Infections, this one is the 151st largest by enrollment of the 162 interventional ones that give a count, is one of 42 in phase 1, and was the 1st registered.

HIV Infections

4,736 studies on the registry are indexed under HIV Infections; 246 are open to participants now.

Browse HIV Infections studies →

Open to participants now

None of the 193 studies testing zidovudine in HIV Infections is open now. The open studies under HIV Infections, anywhere →

About zidovudine

Zidovudine: first FDA approval 1987 (RETROVIR), first EMA approval 1998. What it is approved for, and how studies give it, is on its page →

Who these studies take

Of the 159 HIV Infections studies recruiting now, 104 (65%) set no upper age limit and 42 (26%) stop at 75 or younger; 31 take children under 18; 60 take healthy volunteers.

This study: 3 Months to 12 Years · all sexes · no healthy volunteers.

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Download CSVNarrow it in search →With an account: the 193 studies testing zidovudine in HIV Infections as a file.
02

Study summary

The study is designed to test the drug zidovudine (AZT) in children, including study of drug levels in various parts of the body fluids, safety of the drug, and its effect on different parts of the body.

The effects of any drug, the way a drug enters the bloodstream, the way it is used by the body, and the way the body eliminates the drug may be very different in children compared with adults. The largest group of children who have AIDS are those who are less than 2 years of age. AIDS is often first identified in infants who are about 6 months old. Studies of AZT show that it might be useful in the treatment of AIDS. Thus it is important to study the effects of the drug in children.

Read the detailed description

The effects of any drug, the way a drug enters the bloodstream, the way it is used by the body, and the way the body eliminates the drug may be very different in children compared with adults. The largest group of children who have AIDS are those who are less than 2 years of age. AIDS is often first identified in infants who are about 6 months old. Studies of AZT show that it might be useful in the treatment of AIDS. Thus it is important to study the effects of the drug in children.

Patients are hospitalized for 8 weeks to receive AZT through the intravenous (IV) route at 1 of 2 doses. Patients are then discharged from hospital and take AZT by mouth for 4 more weeks.

03

Conditions studied

  • HIV Infections

Keywords

  • Drug Evaluation
  • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
  • AIDS-Related Complex
  • Zidovudine
04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
3 Months to 12 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

Concurrent Treatment:

Allowed:

  • Nutritional support not exceeding 120 calories/kg/day (hyperalimentation or dietary supplements including vitamin, folate, iron supplements).

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria

Co-existing Condition:

Children with the following conditions are excluded:

  • Asymptomatic with T-lymphocyte deficiency.
  • Asymptomatic viremic patients or those not meeting definition criteria of AIDS related complex (ARC) or AIDS.
  • Clinical evidence of active infection of acute nature or active significant or clinically apparent opportunistic infection at time of entry into study.
  • Hemoglobinopathy including sickle cell anemia.
  • Congenital infections such as toxoplasmosis or herpes simplex virus infection in the first month after birth or cytomegalovirus infection in the first 6 months after birth.

Children with the following conditions are excluded:

  • Asymptomatic with T-lymphocyte deficiency.
  • Asymptomatic viremic patients or those not meeting definition criteria of AIDS related complex (ARC) or AIDS.
  • Clinical evidence of active infection of acute nature or active significant or clinically apparent opportunistic infection at time of entry into study.
  • Hemoglobinopathy including sickle cell anemia.
  • Congenital infections such as toxoplasmosis or herpes simplex virus infection in the first month after birth or cytomegalovirus infection in the first 6 months after birth.

Prior Medication:

Excluded:

  • Suramin.
  • Ribavirin.
  • HPA 23.
  • Phosphonoformate.
  • Ansamycin.
  • Interleukin 2.
  • Interferon.
  • Excluded within 30 days of study entry:
  • All cytolytic chemotherapeutic agents, immunomodulating agents including and immunoglobulin preparations.
  • Antivirals (acyclovir, ganciclovir).

Prior Treatment:

Excluded within 4 weeks of study entry:

  • Lymphocyte transfusions for immune reconstitution.
  • Excluded within 3 months of study entry:
  • Bone marrow transplant.

Child who is seropositive for antibody or has HIV viremia and presents with one or more of following clinical criteria and at least one of the laboratory criteria may be considered an ARC patient for purpose of study:

  • Clinical criteria:
  • Persistent oral candidiasis despite appropriate therapy.
  • Wasting syndrome characterized by failure to thrive and malnutrition.
  • Recurrent or chronic unexplained diarrhea.
  • Lymphadenopathy (more than 1 cm) at 2 or more noncontiguous sites.
  • Hepatomegaly with or without splenomegaly.
  • Encephalopathy with loss of developmental milestones and cortical atrophy present on computed tomography (CT) examination.
  • Recurrent bacterial infections (bacteremia, pneumonia, septic arthritis, meningitis).
  • Cutaneous anergy as defined by lack of delayed cutaneous to selected antigens.
  • Laboratory criteria:
  • Hypergammaglobulinemia (IgG or IgA) defined as immunoglobulin values exceeding the maximum age-adjusted level.
  • Decreased number of total T-lymphocytes (2 SD from mean).
  • Absolute depression in T-helper cells to less than 500/mm3.
  • Depressed (equal to or more than 2 SD from normal mean) in vitro mitogen response to at least one antigen.
  • One positive HIV culture within 3 months of study entry into the study or blood obtained and culture pending.
  • greater than 6 months.
  • Ambulatory and free of opportunistic infection at time of entry.
  • Reliably diagnosed disease at least moderately indicative of underlying cellular immunodeficiency and no known cause of underlying cellular immunodeficiency or other reduced resistance reported to be associated with that disease.
  • Disease accepted as sufficiently indicative of underlying cellular immunodeficiency by CDC. In absence of these opportunistic diseases, a confirmed diagnosis of chronic lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis will be considered indicative of AIDS unless test(s) for HIV are negative.
Terms in these criteria, in plain language(5)

Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.

Corticosteroids (steroids)

Anti-inflammatory medicines such as prednisone, prednisolone and dexamethasone — not the anabolic steroids used for muscle.

Studies differ in what they allow: check which steroid medicines, routes (tablets, injections, creams, inhalers, eye drops) and doses this study accepts.

HIV

The human immunodeficiency virus, which weakens the immune system.

Many studies now accept people whose HIV is controlled on treatment, judged by the viral load and the CD4 count. Check the limits this study sets.

Hypersensitivity

An allergy, or another reaction of the immune system, to a substance. “Hypersensitivity to the study drug” means a known allergic reaction to it — not every side effect a medicine can have.

Life expectancy

The study doctor’s estimate of how long someone is likely to live. Criteria use it so that people can stay in the study long enough for it to answer its question.

Histologically or cytologically confirmed

The diagnosis was confirmed by looking at a sample under a microscope: tissue from a biopsy or surgery (histology), or cells from a fluid or needle sample (cytology).

Your pathology report is the document that shows this.

05

Study design

Phase
Phase 1
Primary purpose
Treatment
Masking
None (open label)
Enrollment
12 participants

Interventions

06

Study locations

2 sites
  • Univ of Miami School of Medicine
    Miami, Florida 331361013, United States
  • Duke Univ Med Ctr
    Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
07

References and documents

Publications

  • Walter EB, Weinhold KJ, Wilfert CM. Enhanced p24 antigen detection in sera from human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1993 Jan;12(1):94-6. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199301000-00019. No abstract available. PubMed 8417433 ↗
  • McKinney RE Jr, Pizzo PA, Scott GB, Parks WP, Maha MA, Lehrman SN, Riggs M, Eddy J, Lane BA, Eppes SC, et al. Safety and tolerance of intermittent intravenous and oral zidovudine therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pediatric patients. Pediatric Zidovudine Phase I Study Group. J Pediatr. 1990 Apr;116(4):640-7. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81619-1. PubMed 2181102 ↗
  • Dolin R, Graham BS, Greenberg SB, Tacket CO, Belshe RB, Midthun K, Clements ML, Gorse GJ, Horgan BW, Atmar RL, et al. The safety and immunogenicity of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) recombinant gp160 candidate vaccine in humans. NIAID AIDS Vaccine Clinical Trials Network. Ann Intern Med. 1991 Jan 15;114(2):119-27. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-114-2-119. PubMed 1984386 ↗
  • Mitchell C, Scott G, Hutto C, Mastrucci T, Gourley J, Owens C, Sajous M. Safety and tolerance of zidovudine in pediatric AIDS. Int Conf AIDS. 1990 Jun 20-23;6(2):200 (abstract no FB488)
08

Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Nov 3, 2021, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
09

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT00000701
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Aug 31, 2001
Completion
Feb 1990
Last update
Nov 3, 2021

Study contacts

Scott G
study chair
Wilfert C
study chair
Pizzo P
study chair
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Not currently enrolling

This study is completed, as verified in Oct 2021. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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Discussion

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Studies of the drug tested here: Zidovudine

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