An interventional study of The Wancantognaka Project (The Generosity Project; TGP) in Lakota Adapted Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) Program to Reduce Interpersonal Community Violence, sponsored by University of Michigan. Not yet recruiting at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 13 Years to 19 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-11-12.
Sponsored by University of Michigan · Not applicable, Interventional, and Prevention
The goal of this study is to examine whether a place-based, community-led, and culturally grounded Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) intervention can prevent and reduce interpersonal community violence (ICV) among youth living on the Pine Ridge Reservation. The study will evaluate The Wancantognaka Project (The Generosity Project; TGP), which combines community-led environmental improvement projects with culturally grounded youth programming. Youth ages 13-19 will participate in sessions led by Lakota Elders, Traditional Healers, and/or Traditional Knowledge Keepers focused on leadership, cultural teachings, community engagement, and implementing projects to improve community spaces.
The primary aims of the study are to: (1) Develop and implement TGP in partnership with community members; (2) Assess implementation, community acceptance, perceived impact, and costs; (3) Examine whether TGP increases protective factors and reduces risk factors for interpersonal violence among youth in the intervention community compared to youth in a similar comparison community not receiving the intervention; and (4) Examine whether TGP reduces rates of community violence compared to the comparison community.
Interpersonal community violence (ICV), including physical assaults, violence between groups, and threats or use of weapons, is a significant public health concern among American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations, including youth. Lakota youth living on the Pine Ridge Reservation face substantial challenges related to community violence. Despite growing knowledge about factors associated with community violence, research evaluating culturally grounded violence prevention approaches in Tribal communities remains limited.
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a promising approach to preventing community violence. CPTED combines improvements to physical environments (e.g., lighting, community gardens, and improvements to shared spaces) with social strategies (e.g., community engagement, relationship building, and collective action) to create safer and more supportive communities. Busy Streets Theory (BST), which informs this study, emphasizes community participation, local ownership, and strengthening social connections through community-led improvements to neighborhood environments. This approach aligns with Lakota cultural teachings, including honoring Unci Maka (Mother Earth), Wacantognaka (generosity), Mitakuye Oyasin (all are related), Wolakota (being a good relative), and Wakanyeja Kin Wakan Pi (children are sacred).
The Wancantognaka Project (The Generosity Project; TGP) is a community-led, culturally grounded CPTED intervention designed to prevent and reduce interpersonal community violence among youth ages 13-19 on the Pine Ridge Reservation. The project integrates community-designed environmental improvements with culturally grounded youth programming led by Lakota Elders, Traditional Healers, and/or Traditional Knowledge Keepers. Youth programming will focus on leadership, cultural teachings, community engagement, and participation in projects intended to strengthen community spaces and connections.
The study uses a community-based participatory action research (CBPAR) approach, engaging youth, Elders, Traditional Healers, Traditional Knowledge Keepers, community members, and interdisciplinary researchers throughout intervention development, implementation, and evaluation. A Community Advisory Board and/or Program Steering Committee will help guide project activities to ensure they reflect community priorities, cultural teachings, and local knowledge.
The study has four primary aims:
The study uses a longitudinal, quasi-experimental design to compare youth and community-level outcomes between an intervention community and a demographically similar comparison community on the Pine Ridge Reservation. Youth will complete surveys at baseline, immediately following the intervention, and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Community-level violence outcomes will be assessed using police incident data collected before and after intervention implementation.
Findings will contribute to understanding the feasibility, acceptability, implementation, and potential effectiveness of culturally grounded, community-led environmental approaches to preventing interpersonal community violence in Tribal communities.
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Exclusion Criteria:
The intervention group will participate in the The Wancantognaka Project (The Generosity Project; TGP) for Treatment Community on the Pine Ridge Reservation
Behavioral: The Wancantognaka Project (The Generosity Project; TGP)
The control group includes youth from Control Community, a demographically similar community to Treatment Community. The control group will not receive the TGP intervention.
The Wancantognaka Project (The Generosity Project; TGP) for Treatment Community will involve programming sessions for youth taught by Lakota Elders, Traditional Healers, and/or Traditional Knowledge Keepers. TGP will also involve planning and implementing CPTED projects in residential areas. Example CPTED projects include building inipis (sweat lodges) for ceremony and culturally-grounded murals.
Positive Youth Development
Participant responses to items from the Positive Youth Development Scale to measure positive development (e.g., competence, confidence, character, caring, and connection). The 17-item scale includes likert response options ranging from 1 = Strongly Disagree to 4 = Strongly agree and an option not to respond to the question. Higher scores indicate greater positive youth development.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline)
Positive Cultural Identity
Participant responses to items from the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure to measure ethnic identity development among Lakota Youth. The 6-item scale includes likert response options ranging from 1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly agree and an option not to respond to the question. Higher scores indicate greater ethnic identity development.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline)
Collective Efficacy
Participant responses to 9 items from the Collective Efficacy scale. The first four items includes response options ranging from 1 = Very likely to 5 = Very Unlikely. The last five items includes response options ranging from 1 = Strongly Agree to 5 = Strongly Disagree. All items include an option not to respond to the question. Higher scores indicate lower collective efficacy.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline).
Social Support
Participant responses to 8 items from the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support scale to measure forms of social support received from friends and adults. Thescale includes response options ranging from 0 = Very Strongly Disagree to 7 = Very Strongly Agree and an option not to respond to the question. Higher scores indicate greater perceived social support.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline).
Academic and Career Commitment
Participant responses to items from the Personal Responsibility Education Program scale to measure academic and career goals. The 5-item scale includes response options ranging from 0 = Not at all true of me to 3 = Extremely True of Me and an option not to respond to the question. Higher scores indicate greater academic and career commitment.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline).
Future Orientation
Participant responses to items from the Future orientation scale to measure goal setting. The 6-item scale includes response options ranging from 1 = Not true about me to 4 = Mostly true about me and an option not to respond to the question. Higher scores indicate greater future orientation.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline).
Emotion Regulation
Participant responses to items from the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Short Form scale to measure emotion regulation. The 18-item scale includes response options ranging from 1 = Almost never to 5 = Almost always and an option not to respond to the question. Higher scores indicate greater difficulties with emotion regulation.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline).
Purpose Beyond the Self
Participant responses to items from the Claremont Purpose Beyond the Self scale to measure purpose. The 4-item scale includes response options ranging from 0 = Almost never to 4 = Almost all the Time and an option not to respond to the question. Higher scores indicate greater purpuse beyond the self.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline).
Sense of Community
Participant responses to items from the Brief Sense of Community scale to measure how respondents feel about their community. The 8-item scale includes response options ranging from 1= Strongly Agree to 5 = Strongly Disagree and an option not to respond to the question. Higher scores indicate lower sense of community.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline).
Fight Avoidance Scale
Participant responses to items from the Fight Avoidance scale to measure respondent perception of their ability to stay out of fights. The 5-item scale includes response options ranging from 0 = Not at all to 5 = Extremely and an option not to respond to the question. Higher scores indicate greater ability to avoid fighting.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline).
Adolescent General Self-efficacy scale
Participant responses to items of self-efficacy scale to measure self-efficacy (e.g., confidence, capability, and self-reliance). The 10 item scale has likert response options ranging from 1 = Not at all true to 4 = Exactly true and a option to not respond to the question. Higher score indicates more self-efficacy.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline)
Alcohol Use
Participant responses to two items from the Alcohol Use YRBS scale to measure alcohol use in the past 30 days. One item includes likert response options ranging from A. I did not drink alcohol to G. I drank all 30 days. The second item measures the largest number of drinks in one session and item responses ranged from A. I did not drink alcohol to H. 10 or more drinks. Higher scores indicate greater alcohol use.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline)
Drug Use
Participant responses to three items from the Drug Use (YRBS) to measure drug use amount and different types in the past 30 days. All three have a multiple choice responses with options ranging from 0. 0 times to 5. 40 or more times. There is a option to not respond to the question. Higher scores indicate a greater drug use.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline)
Sexual Violence
Participant responses to six items from the sexual violence YRBS scale to measure sexual violence in the past six months. Two items evaluate sexual violence between non-dating partners and four items evaluate dating sexual violence. Items have multiple choice responses with options ranging from 0) 0 times to 4) 6 or more times and an option not to response to the question. Dating sexual violence items include the option 5) I was not dating in the past six months. Higher scores indicate greater sexual violence exposure.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline)
Retaliatory Attitudes
Participant responses to items from the Retaliatory Attitudes scale to measure the endorsement of revenge for wrongdoing. The 7-item scale includes likert response options ranging from 1 = Strongly Agree to 5 = Strongly agree and an option not to respond to the question. Lower scores indicate greater retaliatory attitudes.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline)
Intention to Acquire
Participant responses to two items from the Intention to Acquire scale to measure whether youth wanted to acquire a firearm. One item asks about whether youth ever wished to access a gun with response options 0 = No and 1 = Yes. The second item asks about reasons for wanting a gun with the option to select all that apply. Reasons for wanting gun access include protection and to get respect. Both items include the option not to respond.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline)
Firearm Access
Participant responses to three items from the Firearm Carriage scale to measure firearm carriage in the past 6 months, 3 months, and 30 days. The second item asks about reasons for wanting a gun with the option to select all that apply. Reasons for wanting gun access include protection and to get respect. Both items include the option not to respond. The item measuring past 6 month carriage includes response options ranging from 0 = Never to 6 = 20+ times. The past 3 month carriage item includes response options ranging from 0 = Never to 10 Everyday. The past 30 day carriage includes a dropdown with options ranging from 0 to 30 days. Each item includes the option not to answer.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline)
Violent Offending
Participant responses to items from the Violent Offending scale to measure the endorsement of violent behaviors. The 9-item scale includes likert response options ranging from 0 = Never to 6 = 20+ times and an option not to respond to the question. Higher scores indicate greater violent offenses.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline)
Community Violence
Participant responses to items from the Community Violence scale to measure the exposure to community violence. The 9-item scale includes response options ranging from 1 = Yes and 0 = No and an option not to respond to the question. Higher scores indicate greater violent offenses.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline).
Delinquency
Participant responses to items from the Delinquency scale to measure delinquent behaviors. The 7-item scale includes response options ranging from 0 = Never to 6 = 20+ times and an option not to respond to the question. Higher scores indicate greater delinquency behaviors.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline).
Community Outcomes
Indicators of violent crime in the Treatment and Control communities involve youth will be drawn from crime incident data files exported from the Ogala Sioux Tribe (OST) Public Safety.
Time frame: Enrollment (baseline), immediate post-test (2 months after baseline), and 6-month follow-up (8 months after baseline), and 12-month follow-up (1 year and 2 months after baseline)
Plan to share: Undecided
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Start is estimated for Nov 2026; primary completion for Jul 2027, 7 months later.
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