An interventional study of Neuromuscular Training and Virtual Reality-Based Optokinetic Stimulation in Visual Dependence, Postural Control and Jump-Landing Biomechanics, sponsored by Bahçeşehir University. Recruiting at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Open to participants aged 16 Years to 35 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-11-10.
Sponsored by Bahçeşehir University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Prevention
This study will investigate whether adding virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation to neuromuscular training improves jump-landing movements, balance, and performance during a visually cued movement task in basketball players. Optokinetic stimulation involves watching moving visual patterns through a virtual reality headset. Neuromuscular training includes strength, balance, and jumping and landing exercises.
Forty-two licensed basketball players aged 16-35 years will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: usual team training alone (control group), neuromuscular training in addition to usual team training, or virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation followed by neuromuscular training in addition to usual team training. The additional training will be provided three times per week for six weeks.
Assessments will be performed before and after the six-week program. The main outcome will be the maximum amount of knee bending during landing. Other assessments will examine landing forces, lower-limb movements, body movement, standing balance, and reliance on vision for balance. At the end of the program, participants will also complete a jump-landing task in response to colored lights to assess whether movement strategies are maintained under additional cognitive demands.
Basketball involves repeated jumping, landing, and rapid changes in movement. These activities require coordination of visual, vestibular, and somatosensory information. Neuromuscular training may improve movement control, while the additional contribution of virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation to landing biomechanics and sensory integration will be investigated in this study.
This prospective, three-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial will compare usual team training, additional neuromuscular training, and virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation combined with the same neuromuscular training program. All participants will continue their usual team training throughout the study.
The neuromuscular training program will progressively incorporate strength, balance, proximal control, and plyometric exercises. In the combined intervention group, optokinetic stimulation will be delivered immediately before each neuromuscular training session using a virtual reality headset. Participants will visually track moving targets while keeping their head and trunk as still as possible. Visual stimulus speed, exposure duration, and postural difficulty will increase progressively over six weeks. Symptoms associated with virtual reality exposure will be monitored throughout the intervention.
Standardized drop vertical jump assessments will be performed using a force platform and an inertial motion capture system. Peak knee flexion angle during the landing deceleration phase will be the primary outcome. Additional measurements will characterize landing kinetics, lower-limb kinematics, center-of-mass movement, and tibial acceleration.
Standing balance will be assessed in tandem stance with eyes open and eyes closed. Center-of-pressure measurements and eyes-closed-to-eyes-open ratios will be used to characterize postural stability and visual dependence.
At the six-week assessment only, a reactive transfer task will require participants to perform the drop vertical jump in response to a predetermined target color and withhold movement in response to other colors. Biomechanical measurements from this task will be compared with those from the standard task to examine the maintenance of movement strategies under additional cognitive demands.
Bahçeşehir University is the lead sponsor of 128 studies on the registry; 26 are open to participants now.
Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.
Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.
Exclusion Criteria:
Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared. Example: 70 kg and 1.75 m gives 70 ÷ (1.75 × 1.75) ≈ 22.9.
What counts as overweight or obesity differs between countries (some use lower cut-offs), so go by the range the study states.
Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
BMI (body mass index)
Weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared. Example: 70 kg and 1.75 m gives 70 ÷ (1.75 × 1.75) ≈ 22.9.
What counts as overweight or obesity differs between countries (some use lower cut-offs), so go by the range the study states.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Informed consent
Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Participants will continue their usual basketball team training for six weeks. No additional neuromuscular training or virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation will be provided as part of the study.
Participants will continue their usual basketball team training and additionally receive supervised neuromuscular training three times per week for six weeks, totaling 18 sessions. Each session will last approximately 25-30 minutes and include progressively advanced strength, balance, proximal control, and plyometric exercises targeting jump-landing mechanics.
Behavioral: Neuromuscular Training
Participants will continue their usual basketball team training and receive the same supervised neuromuscular training program as the active comparator group, three times per week for six weeks, totaling 18 sessions. Immediately before each neuromuscular training session, participants will receive virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation. Visual stimulus speed, exposure duration, and postural difficulty will increase progressively over the six-week intervention.
Behavioral: Neuromuscular Training · Device: Virtual Reality-Based Optokinetic Stimulation
Supervised neuromuscular training will be delivered three times per week for six weeks (18 sessions), in addition to usual basketball team training. Each session will last approximately 25-30 minutes and include strength, balance, proximal control, and plyometric exercises. Exercises will progress from bilateral squats, walking lunges, single-leg balance, and drop landings to single-leg squats, drop jumps, single-leg countermovement jumps, and single-leg standing long jumps. Exercises will be performed in 3-4 sets, with 60-90 seconds of rest between sets. Exercise difficulty and repetitions will progress according to the weekly protocol.
Also known as: NMT
Optokinetic stimulation will be delivered using a Meta Quest 3S headset and custom Unity software immediately before neuromuscular training, three times per week for six weeks. Participants will track moving balloons with their eyes while keeping their head and trunk as still as possible. Weekly progression will be: week 1, seated, 20 degrees/s, 3 x 30 s; week 2, standing with feet together, 20 degrees/s, 3 x 60 s; week 3, semi-tandem stance, 30 degrees/s, 3 x 90 s; week 4, tandem stance, 40 degrees/s, 3 x 120 s; week 5, tandem stance, 50 degrees/s, 3 x 150 s; week 6, tandem stance, 60 degrees/s, 3 x 180 s. Clockwise and counterclockwise motion will be presented for equal durations. Background rotation speed will be twice the balloon speed. Symptoms will be monitored using the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, with exposure adjusted according to tolerance.
Also known as: VR-OKS
Change in Peak Knee Flexion Angle During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak knee flexion angle of the dominant limb will be measured in degrees using the Xsens MVN Awinda inertial motion capture system during a standardized drop vertical jump from a 30-cm box. The peak angle will be identified during the landing deceleration phase, from initial ground contact to maximum knee flexion. Initial contact will be determined using synchronized force-platform data. The dominant limb will be defined as the preferred leg for kicking a ball. Three successful trials will be recorded at each assessment. Change from baseline to the end of the six-week intervention will be evaluated.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Force During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak vertical ground reaction force will be measured using a Bertec force platform sampling at 1000 Hz during the standardized drop vertical jump. Initial contact will be defined as the first instant at which filtered vertical ground reaction force exceeds 10 N. Peak force will be identified as the maximum vertical ground reaction force within the first 0.20 seconds after initial contact and normalized to body weight, expressed in multiples of body weight. Three successful trials will be recorded at each assessment. Change from baseline to the end of the six-week intervention will be evaluated.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Time to Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Force During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
The time interval between initial ground contact and peak vertical ground reaction force will be measured in seconds using a Bertec force platform sampling at 1000 Hz during the standardized drop vertical jump. Initial contact will be defined as the first instant at which filtered vertical ground reaction force exceeds 10 N. Peak vertical ground reaction force will be identified within the first 0.20 seconds after initial contact. Three successful trials will be recorded at each assessment. Change from baseline to the end of the six-week intervention will be evaluated.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Landing Load Absorption Duration During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Landing load absorption duration will be measured in seconds as the time interval between peak vertical ground reaction force and maximum knee flexion of the dominant limb during the standardized drop vertical jump. Peak vertical ground reaction force will be identified within the first 0.20 seconds after initial contact using a Bertec force platform. Maximum knee flexion will be identified using synchronized Xsens MVN Awinda motion capture data. The dominant limb will be defined as the preferred leg for kicking a ball. Three successful trials will be recorded at each assessment. Change from baseline to the end of the six-week intervention will be evaluated.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Hip Flexion Range of Motion During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Hip flexion range of motion will be measured in degrees using the Xsens MVN Awinda system, from initial ground contact to the instant of maximum dominant-knee flexion during the standardized drop vertical jump. Bilateral measurements will be calculated within the same analysis window.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Knee Flexion Range of Motion During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Knee flexion range of motion will be measured in degrees using the Xsens MVN Awinda system, from initial ground contact to the instant of maximum dominant-knee flexion during the standardized drop vertical jump. Bilateral measurements will be calculated within the same analysis window.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion will be measured in degrees using the Xsens MVN Awinda system, from initial ground contact to the instant of maximum dominant-knee flexion during the standardized drop vertical jump. Bilateral measurements will be calculated within the same analysis window.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Time to Peak Knee Flexion During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
The interval from initial ground contact to maximum knee flexion of the dominant limb will be measured in seconds using synchronized Bertec force-platform and Xsens MVN Awinda data during the standardized drop vertical jump.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Knee Valgus Angle During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak dominant-knee valgus angle will be measured in degrees using the Xsens MVN Awinda system during the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Valgus will be defined as the maximum positive value of the dominant-knee abduction/adduction angle.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Resultant Tibial Acceleration During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak resultant tibial acceleration will be calculated from the three-axis free-acceleration signals of the lower-leg sensors of the Xsens MVN Awinda system during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Acceleration will be expressed in meters per second squared.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Romberg Sway Area Ratio
Visual dependence will be assessed using the ratio of eyes-closed to eyes-open center-of-pressure sway area measured with a Bertec force platform during tandem stance. Two 30-second trials will be performed under each condition. The ratio is dimensionless, with higher values indicating greater reliance on vision for postural control.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Romberg Sway Velocity Ratio
Visual dependence will be assessed using the ratio of eyes-closed to eyes-open mean center-of-pressure velocity measured with a Bertec force platform during tandem stance. Two 30-second trials will be performed under each condition. The ratio is dimensionless, with higher values indicating greater reliance on vision for postural control.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Center-of-Pressure Sway Area During Tandem Stance
Center-of-pressure sway area will be measured using a Bertec force platform during tandem stance with eyes open and eyes closed. Two 30-second trials will be performed under each condition. Results will be reported separately for each visual condition in square centimeters.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Center-of-Pressure Total Path Length During Tandem Stance
Total center-of-pressure path length will be measured using a Bertec force platform during tandem stance with eyes open and eyes closed. Two 30-second trials will be performed under each condition. Results will be reported separately for each visual condition in centimeters.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Mean Center-of-Pressure Velocity During Tandem Stance
Mean center-of-pressure velocity will be measured using a Bertec force platform during tandem stance with eyes open and eyes closed. Two 30-second trials will be performed under each condition. Results will be reported separately for each visual condition in centimeters per second.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Anterior-Posterior Center-of-Mass Velocity During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak anterior-posterior center-of-mass velocity will be obtained from Xsens MVN Awinda data during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Velocity will be expressed in meters per second.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Medial-Lateral Center-of-Mass Velocity During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak medial-lateral center-of-mass velocity will be obtained from Xsens MVN Awinda data during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Velocity will be expressed in meters per second.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Vertical Center-of-Mass Velocity During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak vertical center-of-mass velocity will be obtained from Xsens MVN Awinda data during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Velocity will be expressed in meters per second.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Anterior-Posterior Center-of-Mass Acceleration During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak anterior-posterior center-of-mass acceleration will be obtained from Xsens MVN Awinda data during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Acceleration will be expressed in meters per second squared.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Medial-Lateral Center-of-Mass Acceleration During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak medial-lateral center-of-mass acceleration will be obtained from Xsens MVN Awinda data during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Acceleration will be expressed in meters per second squared.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Vertical Center-of-Mass Acceleration During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak vertical center-of-mass acceleration will be obtained from Xsens MVN Awinda data during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Acceleration will be expressed in meters per second squared.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Anterior-Posterior Center-of-Mass Displacement During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Anterior-posterior center-of-mass displacement will be calculated from Xsens MVN Awinda position data during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Displacement will be expressed in meters.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Medial-Lateral Center-of-Mass Displacement During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Medial-lateral center-of-mass displacement will be calculated from Xsens MVN Awinda position data during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Displacement will be expressed in meters.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Vertical Center-of-Mass Displacement During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Vertical center-of-mass displacement will be calculated from Xsens MVN Awinda position data during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Displacement will be expressed in meters.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Peak Knee Flexion Angle During the Reactive Drop Vertical Jump Task
Peak dominant-knee flexion angle will be measured in degrees using the Xsens MVN Awinda system during a visually cued drop vertical jump. Participants will perform the task when a predetermined target color appears on the BlazePod system and withhold movement for other colors. Five successful trials will be recorded. Peak knee flexion will be identified during the landing deceleration phase, from initial ground contact to maximum dominant-knee flexion.
Time frame: Immediately after the six-week intervention
Plan to share: No — There are no plans to share individual participant data with other researchers. Study findings will be disseminated through aggregate results in scientific publications and presentations.
No publications or documents are linked to this record.
Started Nov 2026 (actual). Primary completion is estimated for Nov 2027, 12 months after the start.
How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.
From the registry record's own update history. This site started tracking changes on Sep 25, 2026; for anything earlier, see the record history on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
Eligibility is decided by the study team. Share this record with your doctor or contact the team directly.
Contact study teamGet an email when the registry record changes — status, dates, results — or when someone posts here.
Sign in to followQuestions and observations about this study, from anyone following it. Not medical advice, and not a channel to the study team — their contact details are on the registry record.
Sign in to join the discussion. Reading takes no account; posting does. You choose a display name, and a pseudonym is the default.
Nothing here yet. If you are running this trial, taking part in it, or weighing whether to, this is the place to say so.