An interventional study of Scapular Stabilization Exercise Program and Standard Physiotherapy Exercise Program in Sports Physical Therapy, sponsored by Istinye University. Recruiting at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Open to participants aged 10 Years to 19 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-10-30.
Sponsored by Istinye University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment
Boxing is a combat sport that requires repetitive, high-speed upper extremity movements, placing substantial demands on shoulder stability, scapular control, and neuromuscular coordination. Repetitive punching movements may contribute to scapular dyskinesis, shoulder dysfunction, and impaired upper extremity performance. Scapular stabilization exercises aim to improve scapular positioning, muscle activation, and movement coordination by targeting key stabilizing muscles, including the serratus anterior and trapezius.
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of scapular stabilization exercises on scapular control and upper extremity performance in adolescent boxers. Scapular control, muscular endurance, stability, strength, balance, and reaction time will be assessed to determine changes following the exercise intervention. The findings are expected to provide evidence regarding the potential benefits of scapular stabilization training for improving upper extremity function and sports performance in adolescent boxers.
Istinye University is the lead sponsor of 221 studies on the registry; 94 are open to participants now.
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Exclusion Criteria:
Participants in the control group will receive education on scapular dyskinesis, including its causes, underlying mechanisms, postural recommendations, and the benefits of exercise. They will be instructed to perform a standard physiotherapy exercise program consisting of 30-minute sessions, three times per week for six weeks (18 sessions in total).
Other: Standard Physiotherapy Exercise Program
Participants in the experimental group will receive education on scapular dyskinesis, including its definition, causes, underlying mechanisms, postural considerations, and the benefits of exercise. They will participate in a progressive scapular stabilization exercise program consisting of 30-minute sessions, three times per week for six weeks (18 sessions in total). Exercise progression will be individualized according to each athlete's condition and performance. Participants will be verbally questioned about potential exercise-related adverse effects before and after each session.
Other: Scapular Stabilization Exercise Program
A structured, progressive scapular stabilization exercise program designed to improve scapular control, neuromuscular coordination, muscular endurance, and upper extremity stability and performance. The program will be administered for 30 minutes per session, three times weekly for six weeks, totaling 18 sessions.
A standard physiotherapy exercise program combined with patient education. Participants will be instructed to perform the exercises for 30 minutes per session, three times weekly for six weeks, totaling 18 sessions.
Scapular Dyskinesis
Scapular dyskinesis will be assessed using the Scapular Dyskinesis Test (SDT). Participants will perform five repetitions of bilateral shoulder flexion and abduction while holding weights of 1.4 kg or 2.3 kg, depending on body weight. Scapular movements will be visually observed and classified as dyskinesis present or absent based on abnormal scapular motion or asymmetry.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Lateral Scapular Slide Test
Scapular position and symmetry will be assessed using the Lateral Scapular Slide Test (LSST). The distance between the inferior angle of the scapula and the thoracic spinous processes will be measured bilaterally in three arm positions: 0°, 45°, and 90° of shoulder abduction. Side-to-side differences will be recorded in centimeters (cm). A difference greater than 1.5 cm will be considered indicative of scapular asymmetry.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Medicine Ball Throw Test
Upper extremity explosive power will be evaluated using the Medicine Ball Throw Test. Participants will throw a standardized medicine ball forward with maximal effort from a standardized seated or kneeling position. Throwing distance will be recorded in meters (m), with greater distances indicating better explosive upper extremity performance.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Upper Quarter Y Balance Test
Upper extremity dynamic balance and stability will be assessed using the Upper Quarter Y Balance Test (UQYBT). Participants will maintain a weight-bearing position on one upper extremity while reaching with the opposite hand in the medial, inferolateral, and superolateral directions. Maximum reach distances will be recorded in centimeters (cm), and a composite score will be calculated. Greater reach distances and composite scores indicate better dynamic stability.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test
Functional upper extremity stability will be evaluated using the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST). Participants will assume a push-up position with their hands positioned 91.4 cm apart and alternately touch the opposite hand for 15 seconds. The total number of touches completed within 15 seconds will be recorded. Higher scores indicate better upper extremity functional stability and performance.
Time frame: 6 weeks
30-Second Repeated Punch Test
Boxing-specific upper extremity performance will be assessed using the 30-Second Repeated Punch Test. Participants will perform the maximum possible number of straight punches against a standardized punching bag over 30 seconds. The total number of punches will be recorded, with higher values indicating better boxing-specific repetitive punching performance.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Punch Fatigue Index
Punching fatigue will be evaluated using three 30-second bouts of maximal straight punches against a punching bag, separated by 30-second rest intervals. The number of punches performed in each bout will be recorded. The Punch Fatigue Index will be calculated as \[(maximum punch count - minimum punch count) / maximum punch count\] × 100. Scores will be expressed as percentages (%), with lower values indicating better maintenance of punching performance across repeated bouts.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Handgrip Strength
Handgrip strength will be measured using a hand dynamometer. Participants will be seated with the shoulder adducted, elbow flexed at 90°, and forearm in a neutral position. Three maximal voluntary contractions will be performed, and the highest value will be recorded as the handgrip strength measurement.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Muscle Strength
Isometric shoulder abduction, external rotation, serratus anterior and lower trapezius strength will be assessed using a handheld dynamometer. Participants will perform maximal voluntary isometric contractions in standardized testing positions. Muscle strength will be recorded separately for shoulder abduction and external rotation, with higher values indicating greater muscle strength.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Reaction Time
Visual reaction time will be assessed using the BlazePod system. Participants will respond as quickly as possible to randomly activated visual stimuli by touching the illuminated pods. Response times will be recorded in milliseconds (ms), with shorter reaction times indicating better neuromotor response performance.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Athlete-Perceived Performance Satisfaction
Athlete-perceived performance satisfaction will be evaluated using an 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Participants will rate their satisfaction with their performance during training on a scale from 0 (not satisfied at all) to 10 (completely satisfied). Higher scores indicate greater perceived performance satisfaction.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Global Rating of Change (GROC)
Participants' perceived overall change following the intervention will be assessed using the Global Rating of Change (GROC) scale. Participants will rate their perceived change compared with their condition before the intervention on a 7-point scale ranging from -3 (much worse) to +3 (much better), with 0 indicating no change. Higher positive scores indicate greater perceived improvement.
Time frame: 6 weeks
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