An interventional study of No Music Warm-Up and Low-Tempo Music Warm-Up in Anaerobic Performance, Athletic Performance and Warm-Up Music Tempo, sponsored by Inonu University. Completed at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Open to female participants aged 10 Years to 14 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-10-23.
Sponsored by Inonu University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Basic science
This study examined whether listening to music of different tempo during warm-up is associated with differences in acute jump performance, perceived exertion and handgrip strength in young female volleyball players, and whether these responses differ between morning and evening testing.
Thirteen healthy female volleyball players aged 10 to 14 years completed eight sessions. Each player performed a standardized 10-minute warm-up under four conditions: no music, music labelled 60 to 80 beats per minute, music labelled 90 to 110 beats per minute, and music labelled 120 to 140 beats per minute. Each condition was tested once in the morning (08:00-10:00) and once in the evening (18:00-20:00).
The primary outcome was countermovement jump height. Secondary outcomes were jump-derived peak power, relative peak power, single-hand handgrip strength and rating of perceived exertion. Chronotype, subjective wellness, sleep quality and mood were assessed at baseline.
Allocation was not randomized and the order of conditions was not documented at participant level, so the comparisons are descriptive and exploratory rather than causal.
This study used a within-participant, open-label crossover design to examine the acute effects of warm-up music condition and time of day on jump performance and perceptual responses in young female volleyball players.
Participants were healthy female volleyball players aged 10 to 14 years recruited from volleyball clubs in Malatya, Turkiye. The protocol specified at least three years of regular volleyball training experience as an inclusion criterion. All participants completed a familiarization session in the week before experimental testing, during which they were instructed in the standardized warm-up routine, the performance tests, heart-rate monitoring and the rating of perceived exertion procedures.
Each participant completed eight sessions corresponding to the combination of four warm-up music conditions and two testing times of day. The warm-up conditions were: no music, music labelled 60 to 80 beats per minute, music labelled 90 to 110 beats per minute, and music labelled 120 to 140 beats per minute. Testing was conducted in the morning between 08:00 and 10:00 and in the evening between 18:00 and 20:00.
Allocation was not randomized and the study is classified as a non-randomized, open-label crossover. Participant-level session schedules, sequence-generation records and washout durations were not retained in the source documentation. The order in which participants performed the conditions therefore cannot be verified as counterbalanced, and experimental period effects cannot be separated from condition effects. The archived dataset is organized by condition rather than by chronological visit.
Each session began with a standardized 10-minute warm-up at 50 percent of heart-rate reserve calculated by the Karvonen method, including volleyball-relevant jumping actions and active wrist mobilization. In the no-music condition the warm-up was performed in silence; in the music conditions, music within the stated tempo band was played through a loudspeaker. Exact tracks, measured playback tempo and sound-pressure levels were not documented, so the numerical condition names are source labels rather than independently validated playback tempos. A single mean warm-up heart rate per participant is available; session-specific heart rates were not recorded, so equality of exertion across conditions is unverified.
The primary outcome was countermovement jump height measured after each warm-up condition. Secondary outcomes were jump-derived peak power, relative peak power, single-hand handgrip strength and rating of perceived exertion on the Borg 6 to 20 scale. Chronotype, subjective wellness, sleep quality and mood were assessed once at baseline and are reported as other pre-specified, exploratory measures.
The study was approved by the Inonu University Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Board, Health Sciences Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (15 October 2024; session 16; decision 2024/6284). Written informed consent was obtained from a parent or legal guardian of each participant and written assent was obtained from each participant, as all participants were minors.
Inonu University is the lead sponsor of 384 studies on the registry; 90 are open to participants now.
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Standardized 10-minute warm-up performed without music, assessed once in the morning (08:00-10:00) and once in the evening (18:00-20:00). Every participant completed this condition as well as the three music conditions; the order in which conditions were performed was not documented.
Behavioral: No Music Warm-Up
Standardized 10-minute warm-up performed with music labelled 60 to 80 beats per minute, assessed once in the morning (08:00-10:00) and once in the evening (18:00-20:00). Playback tempo was not independently verified.
Behavioral: Low-Tempo Music Warm-Up
Standardized 10-minute warm-up performed with music labelled 90 to 110 beats per minute, assessed once in the morning (08:00-10:00) and once in the evening (18:00-20:00). Playback tempo was not independently verified.
Behavioral: Moderate-Tempo Music Warm-Up
Standardized 10-minute warm-up performed with music labelled 120 to 140 beats per minute, assessed once in the morning (08:00-10:00) and once in the evening (18:00-20:00). Playback tempo was not independently verified.
Behavioral: Fast-Tempo Music Warm-Up
A standardized 10-minute warm-up performed without music.
A standardized 10-minute warm-up performed while music labelled 60 to 80 beats per minute was played through a loudspeaker. Exact tracks, measured playback tempo and sound-pressure level were not documented, so the tempo band is a source label rather than an independently verified exposure.
A standardized 10-minute warm-up performed while music labelled 90 to 110 beats per minute was played through a loudspeaker. Exact tracks, measured playback tempo and sound-pressure level were not documented, so the tempo band is a source label rather than an independently verified exposure.
A standardized 10-minute warm-up performed while music labelled 120 to 140 beats per minute was played through a loudspeaker. Exact tracks, measured playback tempo and sound-pressure level were not documented, so the tempo band is a source label rather than an independently verified exposure.
Countermovement Jump (CMJ) Height
Countermovement jump height measured in centimetres after each warm-up condition and testing time; higher values indicate better jump performance. The jump-measurement device model, number of attempts, attempt-selection rule and inter-trial rest were not documented in the source records.
Time frame: Immediately after the standardized 10-minute warm-up in each of the 8 study sessions, through study completion (up to 11 weeks)
Jump-Derived Peak Power
Peak power expressed in watts and estimated from vertical jump height and body mass using the Sayers equation.
Time frame: Immediately after the standardized 10-minute warm-up in each of the 8 study sessions, through study completion (up to 11 weeks)
Relative Peak Power
Relative peak power expressed as watts per kilogram and calculated by dividing jump-derived peak power by body mass.
Time frame: Immediately after the standardized 10-minute warm-up in each of the 8 study sessions, through study completion (up to 11 weeks)
Single-Hand Handgrip Strength
Single-hand handgrip strength recorded with a hand dynamometer and reported in kilograms; higher values indicate greater grip strength. The dynamometer model, test hand, posture and number of attempts were not documented in the source records, and the recorded unit has not been confirmed against a device output.
Time frame: Immediately after the warm-up and jump testing in each of the 8 study sessions, through study completion (up to 11 weeks)
Rating of Perceived Exertion
Perceived exertion assessed with the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale (6 to 20 version). Scores range from a minimum of 6 (no exertion at all) to a maximum of 20 (maximal exertion); higher scores indicate greater perceived exertion.
Time frame: Immediately after performance testing in each of the 8 study sessions, through study completion (up to 11 weeks)
Chronotype Score
Chronotype assessed with the Horne-Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. Total scores range from a minimum of 16 to a maximum of 86; higher scores indicate greater morningness and lower scores greater eveningness. The score describes a chronotype characteristic and is not a better or worse outcome.
Time frame: Baseline (before the first study session)
Subjective Wellness
Subjective wellness assessed with the Hooper Questionnaire (Hooper index), comprising four items: sleep quality, fatigue, muscle soreness and stress. Each item is rated from 1 (very very good or very very low) to 7 (very very bad or very very high), giving a total index ranging from a minimum of 4 to a maximum of 28; higher scores indicate worse subjective wellness.
Time frame: Baseline (before the first study session)
Sleep Quality
Sleep quality assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The global score ranges from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 21; higher scores indicate worse sleep quality.
Time frame: Baseline (before the first study session)
Mood State
Mood assessed with the Profile of Mood States (58-item version), comprising the tension, depression, anger, vigour, fatigue and confusion subscales. Each item is rated from a minimum of 0 (not at all) to a maximum of 4 (extremely). Total mood disturbance is calculated as the sum of the five negative subscales minus the vigour subscale; higher subscale and total mood disturbance scores indicate worse mood, except for vigour, where higher scores indicate better mood.
Time frame: Baseline (before the first study session)
Plan to share: Yes — De-identified individual participant data underlying the results reported in the related publication may be made available by the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Because the study involved minors, data sharing will be subject to ethical approval, institutional requirements, and protection of participant confidentiality.
Supporting information: Study protocol, Statistical analysis plan, Informed consent form
Time frame: Beginning after publication of the main study results and available for a reasonable period upon request.
Access criteria: Requests should be sent in writing to the corresponding author and must state the scientific question, the analysis plan and the requester's affiliation. Each request is reviewed by the responsible investigator and by Inonu University. Because all participants were minors, release requires ethical approval, an appropriate data-use agreement and full de-identification; the source workbook contains identifying information and will not be shared or deposited publicly.
Ran from Jan 2025 to primary completion in Mar 2025, 2 months.
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