An interventional study of UrDiaCare and Urdu Educational Pamphlet in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, sponsored by National University of Medical Sciences, Pakistan. Not yet recruiting at 1 site in Pakistan. Open to participants aged 30 Years to 70 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-09-21.
Sponsored by National University of Medical Sciences, Pakistan · Not applicable, Interventional, and Supportive care
The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if UrDiaCare, an Urdu-language diabetes support tool, can help adults with type 2 diabetes manage their Diabetes and improve blood sugar levels. The study will include adults aged 30 to 70 years with type 2 diabetes and higher-than-recommended blood sugar levels. The main question is whether UrDiaCare can lower HbA1c, a blood test that shows average blood sugar levels over the past few months, after four months.
Researchers will compare UrDiaCare plus standard diabetes care with standard diabetes care plus a single Urdu educational pamphlet. UrDiaCare provides diabetes self-management education and support through WhatsApp/Android. It uses a fixed, health-professional-reviewed information library and does not provide diagnosis or prescribe treatment.
This study evaluates UrDiaCare, an Urdu-language, knowledge-grounded conversational assistant developed to support diabetes self-management among adults with type 2 diabetes in Pakistan. The intervention is designed to complement routine diabetes care by providing accessible, culturally appropriate education and ongoing support through WhatsApp.
UrDiaCare focuses on five areas of diabetes self-management: medication adherence, healthy eating, physical activity, blood glucose monitoring, and prevention of diabetes-related complications. Its development includes translating and culturally adapting diabetes education materials, expert review, and pilot testing with adults with type 2 diabetes to assess clarity, usability, cultural appropriateness, and technical functionality before finalizing the intervention.
The intervention is guided by Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and the Health Belief Model (HBM). SCT emphasizes self-efficacy and supports mastery experiences, encouragement, and contextualized feedback. HBM informs messages addressing perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers related to diabetes self-management. The conceptual framework proposes that UrDiaCare may improve self-efficacy and health beliefs, leading to better medication adherence and self-care behaviors and, ultimately, improved glycemic control.
UrDiaCare uses a knowledge-grounded, retrieval-augmented approach. Its responses are restricted to a predefined, clinician-reviewed knowledge library based on established diabetes education resources. The system is not a diagnostic or prescribing tool and does not provide individualized medical recommendations. Questions outside its approved educational scope trigger a standard response directing participants to their treating physician or an appropriate health facility. The knowledge library and safety rules are version-locked during the trial to maintain consistency.
The trial will use a parallel-group randomized controlled design. Participants will receive either UrDiaCare in addition to standard outpatient diabetes care or standard care with a static Urdu educational pamphlet covering the same five self-management areas. The study will follow participants for four months, with assessments conducted at baseline, two months, and four months.
The primary outcome is change in HbA1c from baseline to four months. Secondary outcomes assess medication adherence, diabetes self-management behavior, diabetes self-efficacy, self-care behaviors, and the usability and acceptability of UrDiaCare. The study will also examine factors associated with glycemic improvement among participants receiving UrDiaCare.
Intervention engagement and technical performance will be monitored throughout the study. UrDiaCare will use predefined safety checks to identify emergency or out-of-scope requests, while system information will be used to assess engagement and intervention delivery. Participant confidentiality will be protected through secure data-handling procedures, with identifying information and communication records stored separately and access restricted to authorized study personnel.
Overall, the study will determine whether adding a theory-informed, Urdu-language, knowledge-grounded conversational intervention to standard diabetes care can improve glycemic control and diabetes self-management. It will also provide evidence on the usability and safe implementation of an AI-assisted approach to diabetes self-management in Pakistan.
10,371 studies on the registry are indexed under Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; 1,406 are open to participants now.
This study's planned enrollment of 406 is above the median of 80 across 8,350 interventional studies indexed under Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2.
Browse Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 studies →National University of Medical Sciences, Pakistan is the lead sponsor of 3 studies on the registry; 2 are open to participants now.
Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.
Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.
Adults aged 30-70 years with T2DM confirmed ≥ 6 months (clinical record) and ≥ 7.5% at screening
Exclusion Criteria:
Type 1, gestational, or secondary diabetes (e.g., -induced, MODY)
Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
A blood test of average blood sugar over the past two to three months, given as a percentage or in mmol/mol. 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) or more is the usual threshold for diabetes, normally confirmed by a second test.
Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
Anti-inflammatory medicines such as prednisone, prednisolone and dexamethasone — not the anabolic steroids used for muscle.
Studies differ in what they allow: check which steroid medicines, routes (tablets, injections, creams, inhalers, eye drops) and doses this study accepts.
Malignancy means cancer. Criteria about another or earlier malignancy ask whether you have had a different cancer, usually within a set number of years.
Some are commonly allowed, such as treated skin cancers other than melanoma and early cancers removed completely — check the exceptions this study lists.
HbA1c
A blood test of average blood sugar over the past two to three months, given as a percentage or in mmol/mol. 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) or more is the usual threshold for diabetes, normally confirmed by a second test.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Informed consent
Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Corticosteroids (steroids)
Anti-inflammatory medicines such as prednisone, prednisolone and dexamethasone — not the anabolic steroids used for muscle.
Studies differ in what they allow: check which steroid medicines, routes (tablets, injections, creams, inhalers, eye drops) and doses this study accepts.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Cancer (malignancy)
Malignancy means cancer. Criteria about another or earlier malignancy ask whether you have had a different cancer, usually within a set number of years.
Some are commonly allowed, such as treated skin cancers other than melanoma and early cancers removed completely — check the exceptions this study lists.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Participants randomized to this arm will receive UrDiaCare, a knowledge-grounded retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) Urdu large language model self-management assistant, delivered via WhatsApp/Android for 4 months in addition to standard outpatient diabetes care. UrDiaCare provides interactive Urdu diabetes self-management education and support covering glucose monitoring, medication management, diet, physical activity, and foot care. The system uses a predefined, clinician-reviewed knowledge base and provides scope-limited educational responses.
Behavioral: UrDiaCare
Participants randomized to this arm will receive standard outpatient diabetes care plus a single, non-interactive Urdu educational pamphlet delivered once at baseline via WhatsApp. The pamphlet covers the same five diabetes self-management domains as the UrDiaCare content library: glucose monitoring, medication management, diet, physical activity, and foot care. The pamphlet is static and does not provide interactive or ongoing conversational support.
Behavioral: Urdu Educational Pamphlet
UrDiaCare is a knowledge-grounded, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)-based Urdu large language model self-management application delivered through WhatsApp/Android. It provides interactive Urdu diabetes self-management education and support for 4 months in addition to standard outpatient diabetes care. The intervention covers glucose monitoring, medication management, diet, physical activity, and foot care. UrDiaCare uses a predefined, clinician-reviewed, version-locked knowledge library and a safety-scope check. The system provides structured educational responses and scope-limited replies, and redirects out-of-scope requests requiring individualized clinical advice to the participant's treating physician or appropriate health facility.
Participants will receive standard outpatient diabetes care plus a single, non-interactive Urdu educational pamphlet delivered online via WhatsApp at baseline. The pamphlet provides general diabetes self-management education covering five domains: blood glucose monitoring, medication adherence, healthy eating, physical activity, and foot care. It does not provide interactive, personalized, or ongoing support.
Change in HbA1c (%) from baseline to 4 months
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) will be measured as an indicator of glycemic control at baseline and at 4 months. The primary analysis will compare the change in HbA1c from baseline to 4 months between the Urdiacare mHealth chatbot intervention group and the control group.
Time frame: Baseline to 4 Months
Change in Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) score from baseline to 4 months
The Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) will be used to assess diabetes self-management behaviors. The total DSMQ score will be measured at baseline, 2 months, and 4 months. Changes in scores over time will be compared between the intervention and control groups
Time frame: Baseline, 2 months, and 4 months after randomization
Change in Urdu Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (U-DSES) score
The Urdu Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (U-DSES) will be used to assess participants' confidence in managing their diabetes. The total self-efficacy score will be assessed at baseline and at 4 months, and the change in score will be compared between the intervention and control groups.
Time frame: Baseline and 4 months after randomization
Change in Urdu Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (U-SDSCA) score
The Urdu Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (U-SDSCA) will be used to assess diabetes self-care behaviors, including dietary practices, physical activity, blood glucose testing, medication adherence, and foot care. The score will be assessed at baseline, 2 months, and 4 months, and changes over time will be compared between the intervention and control groups.
Time frame: Baseline, 2 months, and 4 months after randomization
Plan to share: Undecided
This study is not yet recruiting, as verified in Sep 2026. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.
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National University of Medical Sciences, Pakistan