An interventional study of Bashaoor Tarbiyat-e-Aulad in Parenting Stress, Parent Child Relationship and Parent Stress, sponsored by National University of Modern Languages. Completed at 1 site in Pakistan. Open to female participants aged 18 Years and older. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-09-03.
Sponsored by National University of Modern Languages · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment
This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of the culturally adapted Bashaoor Tarbiyat-e-Aulad (BTA) program, an Urdu adaptation of the Mindful Parenting Program developed by Bögels and Restifo, in reducing parenting stress and improving parent and child outcomes among Pakistani mothers. Mothers of children aged 6-11 years were randomly assigned to either a nine-session BTA intervention or a waitlist control group. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and immediately after the intervention using standardized measures of parenting stress, parenting competence, mindful parenting, parental well-being, and child behavioral and emotional problems. The study aimed to determine whether participation in BTA would reduce parenting stress while enhancing mindful parenting, parental well-being, and children's behavioral and emotional functioning in a non-clinical community sample.
Parenting stress is a significant risk factor for impaired parent-child relationships, reduced parental well-being, and adverse behavioral and emotional outcomes in children. Although mindfulness-based parenting interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing parenting stress and improving family functioning in many countries, evidence from Pakistan has been limited, and existing parenting interventions have primarily focused on modifying child behavior rather than improving parental self-regulation and mindful awareness.
The present study evaluated the effectiveness of Bashaoor Tarbiyat-e-Aulad (BTA), a culturally adapted Urdu version of the Mindful Parenting Program originally developed by Bögels and Restifo. Prior to the effectiveness trial, the intervention underwent systematic translation, cultural adaptation, pilot testing, and refinement to ensure linguistic, cultural, and religious appropriateness for Pakistani families. Adaptations included translation into Urdu, incorporation of culturally relevant examples, integration of Islamic concepts and Quranic verses where appropriate, replacement of yoga with mindful body stretches, and modification of home practice activities.
Study III employed a randomized controlled trial with a pretest-posttest waitlist control design. Mothers of children aged 6-11 years residing in Islamabad and Rawalpindi were recruited from the community through social media and personal contacts. Eligible participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the waitlist control group.
The intervention consisted of nine structured group sessions designed to cultivate mindfulness in parenting, improve emotional awareness and regulation, increase parental self-compassion and competence, and reduce automatic and reactive parenting patterns. Participants in both groups completed standardized outcome measures at baseline and immediately following the intervention.
Primary outcomes included parenting stress, parenting competence, and mindful parenting. Secondary outcomes included self-compassion, couple satisfaction, marital satisfaction, mental well-being, dispositional mindfulness, and child behavioral and emotional problems. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, baseline equivalence testing, repeated-measures analysis of variance, and analyses adjusting for baseline differences to compare changes between the intervention and waitlist control groups.
National University of Modern Languages is the lead sponsor of 9 studies on the registry; 4 are open to participants now.
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Community (non-clinical) sample with no participant undergoing psychological treatment or taking psychotropic medication.
Exclusion Criteria:
Participants currently receiving psychological treatment or taking psychotropic medication.
Participants assigned to the experimental arm received the Bashaoor Tarbiyat-e-Aulad (BTA) program, a culturally adapted Urdu version of the Mindful Parenting Program. The intervention consisted of nine structured group sessions focusing on mindful parenting, emotional awareness, self-compassion, stress regulation, and mindful parent-child interactions. Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and immediately after completion of the intervention.
Behavioral: Bashaoor Tarbiyat-e-Aulad
Participants assigned to the waitlist control arm did not receive intervention during the study period. They completed the same baseline and post-intervention assessments as the experimental group and were scheduled to receive the intervention after completion of the trial.
Bashaoor Tarbiyat-e-Aulad (BTA) is a culturally adapted Urdu version of the Mindful Parenting Program. The intervention consisted of nine structured group sessions delivered to mothers of children aged 6-11 years. The program included mindfulness practices, mindful parenting exercises, psychoeducation, emotional awareness and regulation, self-compassion, mindful communication, and home practice activities designed to reduce parenting stress and improve parent-child relationships. Each session was delivered according to a standardized intervention manual.
Parenting Stress (measured using the Parental Stress Scale [PSS])
Parenting stress was assessed using a validated self-report measure to evaluate changes in the level of parenting stress from baseline to immediately after completion of the intervention.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately post-intervention (after completion of the 9-session intervention).
Parenting Sense of Competence
Parenting sense of competence measured using the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) to assess parental competence, satisfaction, and self-efficacy.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately post-intervention.
Mindful Parenting
Mindful parenting measured using the Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale (IM-P) to assess mindful awareness, attention, non-judgmental acceptance, emotional awareness, and non-reactivity in parenting.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately post-intervention.
Self-Compassion
Self-compassion measured using the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF).
Time frame: Baseline and immediately post-intervention
Marital Satisfaction
Marital satisfaction measured using the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (KMSS).
Time frame: Baseline and immediately post-intervention.
Dispositional Mindfulness
Dispositional mindfulness measured using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS).
Time frame: Baseline and immediately post-intervention.
Child Behavioral and Emotional Problems
Child behavioral and emotional problems measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) completed by mothers.
Time frame: Baseline and immediately post-intervention.
Mental Well-Being
Mental well-being measured using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS).
Time frame: Baseline and immediately post-intervention.
Plan to share: No — It will not be shared because of no consent from participants.
Ran from May 2022 to primary completion in Aug 2022, 3 months.
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National University of Modern Languages