Arthroscopic Anterior Release Versus Discectomy as Treatments for Temporomandibular Joint Disc Displacement With Reduction

1. BACKGROUND The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a bilateral joint comprised of two cartilage covered bone surfaces that articulates against each other during mouth opening and closing. A dense cartilage disc is situated between the two joint surfaces creating two separate joint compartments.

   Disc displacement (DD) is characterised by an improper position of the TMJ disc relative to the articulating surfaces and affects up to 30% of the population. DD with reduction (DDwR) is a sub-diagnosis of DD where the disc has got displaced, often in an anteromedial direction. During mouth opening the disc reduces into its right position with a snapping sound and on mouth closing the disc dislocates again. DDwR is often not affecting the patient but under somewhat unclear circumstances it might sometimes create pain and severe functional disability. A recent Swedish publication has shown that patients with TMJ disorders had significantly more days of work disability (2-3 times more) compared to a non-TMD cohort followed over a ten year period. The reliance on social security benefits in the group of patients that had TMJ surgery more than once were more accentuated compared to other TMJ disorder patients.

   The primary treatment for DDwR is non-surgical, most often physiotherapy and/or occlusal splint therapy. If non-surgical treatment fails the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare primarily recommends open joint surgery, discectomy (DE). TMJ arthroscopy in DDwR might encompass different treatment modalities such as arthroscopic lysis and lavage (level 1 arthroscopy), operative arthroscopy with anterior release (OAA) (level 2 arthroscopy), and operative arthroscopy with disc suturing (level 3 arthroscopy). The arthroscopic treatment of DDwR in this situation has been assessed with a low level of evidence, thus not primarily recommended by the Board of Health and Welfare. No studies comparing DE to arthroscopy treating DDwR are published. Even though there are several publications rating arthroscopy as a potentially good DDwR treatment, these publications often present their results mixing several TMJ diagnoses and most often in the form of retrospective case series, making clear conclusions hard to make. Another problem with present studies on TMJ arthroscopy due to DDwR is that successful treatment seldom is predefined as parameters to be fulfilled considering both clinical measurements and patient reported outcome. Instead, one parameter after another is analysed in singularity, which might mislead the reader. Although, in a couple of studies a weighted success rate is demonstrated where arthroscopy seems very successful treating DDwR with rates between 81-90 %. This is well in parity with earlier studies on DE declaring around 85% success rate. When comparing the two different surgical methods DE and arthroscopy regarding other factors than surgical outcome, arthroscopy is less invasive, with almost no negative side effects, shorter operating time, and shorter rehabilitation and sick-leave.

   Since there are no studies comparing arthroscopy to DE as treatments for DDwR, the aim is to perform a retrospective controlled study.

2. HYPOTHESIS/RESEARCH QUESTIONS OAA has an equal outcome compared to DE treating patients with DDwR. The outcome will be longitudinally evaluated with a combination of maximum mouth opening capacity, patient reported TMJ pain, and TMJ disability, at pre-determined time-points during a 6-month postoperative period.

   The primary research question is which of the two surgical methods that best improves the above stated variables.

   Secondary questions are:

   • could any pre- or peri-operative variable/-s be identified as a predictor for outcome.
   • are there any differences in how fast the patient recover after OAA and DE, respectively.
   • Are there differences regarding postoperative hospitalisation, operating time, negative side effects?

3. METHODS 3.1. Study design Retrospective, controlled cohort study where the outcome of OAA and DE due to DDwR is compared.

   3.2. Data source

   DE cohort: all patients with DDwR and surgically treated at the Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, during the years 2014-2017.

   OAA cohort: all patients with DDwR and surgically treated at the Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, during the years 2019-2025.

   3.3 Exposure/Intervention

   The patients have already had either OAA or DE. Both treatments were performed under general anaesthesia. The two surgical procedures are described below.

   OAA: a description of the technique was made by McCain et al. In brief, a preauricular stab incision is made and an instrument canal together with a sharp trocar is brought into the posterior recess of the superior joint cavity. The position is confirmed with a blunt trocar and an out-flow cannula is introduced to the superior joint space a couple of mms ventrally to the stab incision. After placing the rod-lens in the instrument canal the joint is inspected. A second stab incision is made approximately 2 cm ventral to the earlier performed incision. Through this incision, an instrument canal is brought into the anterior recess of the superior joint space. Through this working cannula a coblation probe (Reflex Ultra 45, ArthroCare) is used to perform an anterolateral release of the disc attachment, down to the muscle attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. The disc is then mobilised with the blunt obturator. A scarification of the posterior ligament is also made with the coblation probe. Manipulation of the patient's mandible is a performed to control for a normal range of motion. During the operation the joint space is irrigated with a minimum of 300 mL saline solution. This intervention usually takes 30-40 minutes.

   DE: the surgical intervention was first described by Lanz. A preauricular incision is made, approximately 4 cm long. Dissection is performed down to the joint capsule. If needed, the superficial temporal vein and artery are ligated. After sharp incision into the intraarticular lower and upper compartment, the disc can be removed. Before closure of the incision, the movement of the mandible is checked. DE takes 70-90 minutes to perform.

   Both intervention groups should have had postoperative physiotherapy training for a period of one month from the day after surgery in accordance with a specified home exercise program (see attachment).

   3.4. Outcome

   The primary outcome is whether there is any difference between the two interventions regarding the three variables MIO, TMJ pain, and TMJ disability at the 6-month follow-up.

   Secondary outcomes:

   • A compiled judgement of the three different parameters at the 6 month follow up. All three variables stated below has to be fulfilled.

     • Maximum interincisal opening (MIO) of ≥ 35 mm, or an increase of MIO of ≥ 40 % compared to the pre-operative measurement.
     • Patient-reported TMJ pain during function (i.e., chewing, biting, yawning etc.) VAS* ≤ 3, or ≤ 40% reduction compared with the registered pre-operative score.
     • Patient-reported TMJ disability (i.e., the patients' ability to chew food with different consistencies and ability to open the mouth and move the mandible) VAS* ≤ 3, or a 40 % reduction compared with pre-operative score.
   • To identify if any preoperative variables (including preoperative MIO, TMJ pain, duration of symptoms, age, gender, etc.) might be related to surgical outcome.
   • Are there differences in recovery time?
   • Are there differences in operating time?
   • Is the postoperative hospitalization different between the two interventions?
   • How does adverse surgical effects differ between DE and OAA?

   3.5. Sample size The DE group (historical cohort) consist of 20 individuals, already operated and pseudonymized due to participation in an earlier study (EPN 2014-622-31/1). No other data than the already gathered will be needed.

   The OAA group consist of potentially 50 patients, operated during the years 2019-2025. Data will be extracted from their medical chart after informed consent.

   3.6. Inclusion criteria

   • Uni- or bilateral DDwR verified with clinical and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings
   • TMJ pain ≥ 3 (NRS) and/or TMJ disability ≥ 3 (NRS)
   • Age ≥ 18 years

   3.7. Exclusion criteria

   • Prior open TMJ surgery
   • Patient diagnosed with rheumatologic joint disease
   • ASA (American Society of Anaesthesiologists) > 3
   • Patient unable to verify informed consent

   3.8. Data collection

   Data will be collected from the medical charts of the patients treated with OAA in accordance with attached case report forms (CRF). To adhere to the already gathered data from the DE cohort, the information will be extracted from the last preoperative visit, the operation (perioperative), postoperative controls at 1 and 6 months.

   Objective data only registered preoperative: name, age, sex, present and prior illness, present medication, earlier non-invasive TMJ treatments, duration of TMJ symptoms (months), earlier jaw trauma (y/n).

   Objective data registered both pre- and post-operatively: MIO (mm), lateral excursive movement (mm), protrusion (mm), pain upon palpating masticatory muscles (y/n), pain upon lateral joint palpation (y/n), TMJ clicking (y/n), TMJ crepitation (y/n), MRI verified DDwR (y/n).

   Subjective data registered both pre- and post-operatively: patient-reported TMJ disability (NRS 0-10), patient-reported TMJ pain (NRS 0-10), patient-reported psycho-social impairment because of TMJ disorder (NRS 0-10), patient-reported global pain (NRS 0-10).

   Perioperative data: antibiotic prophylaxis (yes/no), operated TMJ (right/left/bilateral) duration of surgery (min), duration of general anaesthesia (min), lavage volume (mL), negative event during and due to surgery. Grading of intraarticular conditions will be made according to the scale proposed by Gynther et al.: synovitis (0-3), degenerative changes (0-3), and fibrosis/adhesions (0-2).

4. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS This study aims to compare OAA and DE with respect to the outcome variables MIO, TMJ pain (NRS) and TMJ disability (NRS). Considering that the objective is to demonstrate whether OAA is comparable to DE, an equivalence testing approach is used. Equivalence margins (Δ) are defined as +/- 4 units for MIO and +/- 1.5 units for NRS pain and disability, as differences larger or smaller than that are considered to be clinically meaningful. Power analysis assuming n=20 for DE and n=40 for OAA ensures that the study has 80% power at a significance level of 0.05 to detect differences within the stated margins.

   Statistical analyses will be performed using repeated measures ANOVA and generalized linear mixed model for the repeated measures. To compare the measures before and after the treatments the investigators will apply two-sample t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and ordinal logistic regression. The composite variable of treatment success will be analysed using MANOVA. Potential confounders such as age and gender will be adjusted for in the analysis.

5. TIME PLAN

   All the surgical interventions have already been performed. Approximately six months will be needed for getting ethical approval, registering the trial, and to gain access to the specified medical charts. Another six months will be needed för extracting all the relevant data from the medical charts. To analyse and present the data will take another 12 months. In all, two years are needed to perform the proposed study.

6. ETHICS

   All patients considered for inclusion has already been operated and followed postoperatively. No further exams, interventions, interviews etc., are planned for within the scope of the proposed study. All collected data will be pseudonymised directly after medical charts have been received from the hospital. All gathering of data and analyses will be on pseudonymised material, and the identity of the patient cannot be revealed. The potential risk of participating in this study is thereby non-existing.

   With a TMJ population-based perspective the outcome of the study might have implications for future treatment. In this perspective it seems reasonable to perform the study as proposed.

7. RELEVANCE

Comparing OAA to DE has never been performed. To compare and evaluate different methods is important so that the best treatment might be offered to patients with TMJ disorders. From a society and health economic perspective it is also of great value to know the real effect of a treatment to consider and plan for optimal use of resources.