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CompletedNCT06868706VR-Swim SkillUpdated Mar 11, 2025

VR-Based Video Modeling for Novice Swimmers

An interventional study of VR-Supported Video Modeling and Traditional Swimming Training in Skills Acquisition, Sports Performance and Swimming, sponsored by Erzurum Technical University. Completed at 1 site in Turkey. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2025-03-11.

Sponsored by Erzurum Technical University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Other

From the registry’s dates

  • Registered 2 years after the study started (first participant enrolled Feb 2023, registered Feb 2025).
Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
55
Allocation
Randomized
Sex
All
01

Study summary

Understanding the complex dynamics of motor skill acquisition in swimming is critical for developing effective training programs. Advances in technology, such as virtual and augmented reality, offer new opportunities to enhance learning and performance in this field. This study investigated the impact of virtual reality (VR)-supported video modeling (VM) swimming exercise programs compared with traditional approaches on the swimming performance of beginners.

Fifty-five university students participated in the study. They were divided into two groups: the VR-supported VM group (VRVM) (n=28) and the traditional swimming group (TSG) (n=27). The VRVM group engaged in VR-supported VM practice in addition to traditional swimming training, whereas the TSG group only participated in traditional swimming training. The performance variables measured included swimming stroke (SS), crawling kick (CK), swimming duration (SD), heart rate (HR), and rate of perceived excretion (RPE).

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Conditions studied

  • Skills Acquisition
  • Sports Performance
  • Swimming

Keywords

  • Virtual reality
  • Video modeling
  • Swimming performance
  • Motor skill acquisition
  • Novice swimmers
03

In context

Lead sponsor

Erzurum Technical University is the lead sponsor of 32 studies on the registry; 15 are open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
Child (0–17), Adult (18–64), Older adult (65+)
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes

Inclusion criteria

Never having taken a swimming course before. Not having any health problems. Not having water phobia.

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

To be able to progress by stroking on the water without any support from anywhere.

05

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Other
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
None (open label)
Enrollment
55 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    VR-Supported Video Modeling Group

    Participants receive traditional swimming training as well as VR-supported video modelling training.

    Behavioral: VR-Supported Video Modeling · Behavioral: Traditional Swimming Training

  • Active comparator
    Traditional Swimming Group

    Participants only receive traditional swimming training, but no VR or video modelling.

    Behavioral: Traditional Swimming Training

Interventions

  • BehavioralVR-Supported Video Modeling

    Participants receive virtual reality (VR) supported video modeling training in addition to traditional swimming training.

  • BehavioralTraditional Swimming Training

    Participants receive only traditional swimming training. Individuals in this group learn swimming techniques through traditional methods (practising in the water under the supervision of an instructor).

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Swimming stroke

    Swimming stroke (SS) refers to the number of strokes performed per minute, which impacts a swimmer's propulsion through the water. It is a critical factor in determining speed and efficiency.

    Time frame: Post-Intervention (After 11 Weeks)

  2. Swimming duration

    The swimming duration is the swimmer's time to cover a 25-meter distance. Swimmers using the proper freestyle technique are expected to cover a given distance in less time, with lower SD scores positively contributing to swimming performance.

    Time frame: Post-Intervention (After 11 Weeks)

  3. Crawling kick

    The crawling kick plays an essential role in a swimmer's propulsion and overall speed and balance in the water. Novice swimmers may focus more on breathing and arm strokes, neglecting foot strokes (Lucero, 2015). Therefore, this study assumes that more foot strokes positively impact performance. The CK was calculated based on the number of foot strokes performed over a 25-meter distance.

    Time frame: Post-Intervention (After 11 Weeks)

Secondary outcomes

  1. Heart rate

    Heart rate is the parameter used to monitor the physiological response of swimmers to exercise and to assess aerobic fitness.

    Time frame: Post-Intervention (After 11 Weeks)

07

Study locations

1 site
  • Erzurum Technical University Faculty of Sport Sciences
    Erzurum, Yakutiye 25050, Turkey
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References and documents

Publications

  • Franklin ZC, Wright DJ, Holmes PS. Using Action-congruent Language Facilitates the Motor Response during Action Observation: A Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Eye-tracking Study. J Cogn Neurosci. 2020 Apr;32(4):634-645. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01510. Epub 2019 Dec 10. PubMed 31820678 ↗
  • Craig AB Jr, Pendergast DR. Relationships of stroke rate, distance per stroke, and velocity in competitive swimming. Med Sci Sports. 1979 Fall;11(3):278-83. PubMed 522640 ↗
  • Clark SE, Ste-Marie DM. The impact of self-as-a-model interventions on children's self-regulation of learning and swimming performance. J Sports Sci. 2007 Mar;25(5):577-86. doi: 10.1080/02640410600947090. PubMed 17365543 ↗
  • Calvo-Merino B, Glaser DE, Grezes J, Passingham RE, Haggard P. Action observation and acquired motor skills: an FMRI study with expert dancers. Cereb Cortex. 2005 Aug;15(8):1243-9. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhi007. Epub 2004 Dec 22. PubMed 15616133 ↗
  • Barbosa TM, Bragada JA, Reis VM, Marinho DA, Carvalho C, Silva AJ. Energetics and biomechanics as determining factors of swimming performance: updating the state of the art. J Sci Med Sport. 2010 Mar;13(2):262-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.01.003. Epub 2009 May 5. PubMed 19409842 ↗
  • Araiza-Alba, P., Keane, T., Matthews, B., Simpson, K., Strugnell, G., Chen, W. S., & Kaufman, J. The potential of 360-degree virtual reality videos to teach water-safety skills to children, Computers & Education, 2021, 163.

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No

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Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Mar 11, 2025, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
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Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT06868706
Lead sponsor
Erzurum Technical University
Collaborators
Ataturk University
Responsible party
Deniz Bedir (Associate Professor Doctor, Erzurum Technical University) — Principal investigator
First posted
Mar 11, 2025
Start date
Feb 27, 2023
Primary completion
Jun 2, 2023
Completion
Oct 17, 2023
Last update
Mar 11, 2025

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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This study is completed, as verified in Mar 2025. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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